From the Discussion Section of Johnston et al.'s Research Paper (1) The metabolic consequences of HP diets are controversial, but most experts agree that protein intakes should not exceed 2 g per kg of body weight per day, the level utilized in the present report. (2) Americans typically consume 15% of dietary energy as protein, corresponding to about 1 g per kg per day. (3) An often cited, adverse effect of diets high in protein is a potential effect on renal function, and individuals with impaired kidney function are advised to reduce levels of dietary protein. (4) Experimental data, however, indicate that GFR varies little when dietary protein ranges from 10% to 30% of total energy. (5) The data presented here further demonstrated that an acute change in dietary protein, 15% to 30% of dietary energy, had little effect on renal function in healthy individuals. (6) Furthermore, both plasma urea nitrogen and urine urea nitrogen concentrations remained within normal ranges following the HP diet intervention.

From the Discussion Section of Johnston et al.'s Research Paper (1) The popularity of HP diets for weight loss is unquestionable. (2) Although this research did not assess weight loss or the long-term effects of a HP diet, results indicated that the increased thermogenesis of a HP diet may contribute to its efficacy. (3) The recent literature suggests that diets high in protein, but with a moderate carbohydrate and low fat content, do promote a greater degree of weight loss compared to the currently recommended high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets. (4) When considering other health issues, HP diets should be low in saturated fat and rely on low-fat milk products, egg whites, poultry and fish as protein sources. (5) Changes in postprandial thermogenesis induced by HP diets based on non-animal products versus HC diets awaits investigation.

From the Introduction Section of Eisenstein et al.'s Review Paper (1) The prevalence of obesity in the United States and other industrialized countries continues to rise despite increased increased public awareness and efforts to control weight. (2) However, there remains no scientific consensus on dietary and other causes of the rising prevalence of obesity, or on optimal methods for weight loss and prevention of weight regain. (3) In the absence of scientific unity on this issue, non-scientific prescriptions for weight loss have flourished and are frequently attempted by individuals wishing to lose weight. (4) Many of these have focused on dietary protein and have advocated consumption of high-protein or high-protein, high-fat diets. (5) The purported benefits of such diets include weight loss, amelioration of hunger, and prevention, reduction, or even resolution of several chronic diseases. (6) This review focuses on evidence for the safety and effects of high dietary protein on energy regulation and is the fourth in a series from our laboratory on the influence of different dietary factors on weight gain and weight control.

From Halton and Hu's Review Paper (1) The mechanisms by which protein may affect satiety remain elusive. (2) Satiety is a complicated interaction of psychological, behavioral and physiological mechanisms. (3) One theory was developed by Mellinkoff in 1956 and is termed the aminostatic hypothesis. (4) Since amino acid concentrations are correlated with a reduction in appetite, Mellinkoff believed there to be a satiety center in the brain. (5) In this hypothesis, the center is sensitive to serum amino acid levels and once levels reach a certain point, hunger would cease. (6) It would seem to make sense that the control of amino acids would be a priority considering their importance for tissue growth and maintenance coupled with their potential for toxicity at very high levels. (7) However, there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. Unity || Topic Sentence || Coherence