BELLWORK 1.Why was Haiti able to win independence? 2.Who was Simon Bolivar? 3.Who was Jose de San Martin? 4.How/why was the Brazilian Revolution able to remain “bloodless?” 5.THINKER: With regards to causes of revolution…..how were the revolutions against Spanish rule different from the American Revolution?

Independence of the Viceroyalty of New Granada The creation of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela

Colonial History The colony of New Granada was established by the Spanish in 1717 –Colombia, Venezuela, Panama & Ecuador –Capital was Bogota Ruled by a viceroy who was appointed by the King Early problems – lack of communication, trade, geography, huge population with no rights

Problems in New Granada Native & mestizo population ~4.5 million Between there were several conflicts between centralists and federalists, with little support from Spain La Patria Boba (the Foolish Fatherland): period of instability where each province, set up its own autonomous juntas Each junta declared themselves sovereign from one another

Along came Napoleon…. Napoleon conquered Spain in 1810 and dissolved the Spanish Supreme Junta Spain began to focus on its own independence from French control Declarations of independence in New Granada followed: –Quito (Ecuador): 1809 –Colombia: July 20, 1810 –Venezuela: July 5, 1811

Venezuela breaks free Prior to 1810 – no political voice, ruled from Bogota, overlooked by Spain Post Established a unified government in political (governorship), military (captaincy general - viceroy), fiscal (intendancy) and judicial (audiencia) affairs. Spoiler Alert! Venezuela will be re-conquered by the Spanish in 1816 & forced to reunite with Colombia until 1830 Six provinces under Venezuelan control: 1810

“Independence” was short lived Although Bogota still acted as a regional capital, it failed to provide political unity Battles broke out between cities as each tried to defend its sovereignty In 1811, Bogota tried to unify everyone again until…… Civil Wars broke out! Lasted from By mid-1815 a large Spanish expeditionary force under Pablo Morillo arrived in New Granada, and by May 1816 the royalists had control of all of New Granada.

Struggle for Total Independence Movement led by Simon Bolivar Aided by Francisco de Paula Santander (Venezuela) Both had military and political experience

End of Spanish Control Bolivar led an army over the Andes and captured New Granada from the Spanish Aide from England The quick campaign ended at the Battle of Boyacá, on August 7, 1819.

Post-independence That year, the Republic of Gran Colombia was created, which included all territories under jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada. Bolívar was elected first president of Gran Colombia and Santander, vice president

Post-Revolution Government: Conflict between Liberals & Conservatives Conservative Party Bolívar's supporters Wanted a strong centralized government Alliance with the Roman Catholic Church Liberal Party Santander’s followers Wanted a decentralized government State rather than church control over education Widened suffrage (voting rights)

The Breakdown of Gran Colombia The government of the new Republic did not take into account the autonomy that Venezuela previously experienced. Gran Colombia fell apart in 1830 when Venezuela and Ecuador seceded.

Post-Ind. Government: Conflict between Liberals & Conservatives Both Colombia & Venezuela maintained a republican government with regular, free elections Throughout the 19 th and early 20 th centuries, conflict was tense between the two parties, especially in Colombia Two Civil Wars resulted from this rivalry (1890s & 1940s) The military seized power three times in Colombia’s history: 1830 (after breakup of Great Colombia), in 1854, & in This political instability is not only common in Colombia, it becomes a theme of South American politics throughout the 19 th century. Especially conflict between liberals and conservatives!!!

Let’s Recap… Spanish colonization Spanish government & viceroy of New Granada established Independence declared Reconquered by Spanish August 7, Disestablished Republic of Gran Colombia Breakdown of Gran Colombia and total independence of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador

Reading: Economic and social effects of revolutions in the Americas