A brief introduction to the birth of the Italian State

Italy remains split into a dozen separate states while European nations are forming The feudal system lingers on in the south Europe 1648

3 Napoleon conquers Italy in the 1790’s After his defeat in 1815, most Italian states go back to their former rulers: Lombardy-Venetia to Austria Naples and Sicily to Spain

4 Napoleonic expansion

5 1815: CONGRESS OF WIEN (Italy after Napoleon)

6 The Risorgimento (Resurgence) Hatred of foreign rule increases Liberation movement begun by Giuseppe Mazzini in Piedmont with the support of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia- Piedmont (House of Savoy) Scattered revolts in 1848 were unsuccessful Giuseppe Mazzini

Nationalist in Italy Italians were inspired by the French Revolution. Congress of Vienna kept Italy separated. Austria controlled portions of northern Italy. Other independent states kept unification hard to do. A group of Italian tried to keep it alive. This group was called the Risorgimento ”resurgence”. Secret society.

Giuseppe Mazzini Formed the Young Italy movement. Forced Austrian out of Lombardy and Venetia. Seized control of Rome A republic was formed by Mazzini and two other leaders. His victories were not long lived. Austria gain control of northern states. Only Sardinia remained independent.

Sardinia Was ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II. Chief Minister was Camillo Benso di Cavour. Was more powerful than King. Wanted to expand Sardinian territory. Wanted to lead in uniting Italy. He strengthened the military and Industry. Allied with France and England.

10 Expansion begins Under King Victor Emanuel I, son of Charles Albert, Count Camillo Cavour, the prime minister, made a treaty with France against Austria. Count Camillo Cavour

Sardinia and France Austria was the greatest barrier to Italian unity. French Emperor Napoleon III wanted to increase French influence in Italy. Cavour hoped that with Austria out, Italian states would join with him.

War with Austria Sardinia provoked Austria to war and France sent troops to help. Austria was quickly defeated in Italy. States of Lombardy, Venetia, Tuscany, Modena, and Parma join Sardinia. French signs treaty with Austria. Austria gets Ventia back. France gets Nice and Savoy. Sardinia gets Lombardy.

: Austria defeated Italy gained Lombardy, but Austria kept Venetia

Unifying the South Southern half of Italy was made up of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Giuseppe Garibaldi was leader of nationalistic movement. Formed and army of 1,000 men and captured Sicily and Naples. Marched to Papal States. Cavour thought that Garibaldi was becoming to popular and set up his own republic. Garibaldi stepped aside for Sardinia.

15 General Garibaldi drives out the Bourbons from Sicily and Naples General Giuseppe Garibaldi

16 Unification of Italy 1861: Victor Emanuel II crowned King of Italy 1866: Venetia regained from Austria

: Papal States captured The French army was assigned to protect the Papal States, but was called to join the fighting in the Prussian War. The Italian army took the opportunity to capture the Papal States, thus adding central Italy to the union.

18 Steps to Unification

Problems of Unification Papal states were added to Italy by 1870 and Austria was ran out of Italy in Few Italians had experienced self-government. There were cultural differences between the south and north. North was more industrial and south agricultural.

20 Constitutional Monarchy: Birth of modern Italy Heavy taxation to pay war debts Parliamentary government new and strange to many Italians Economic growth supported the changes

The North Rich More industry Contained commercial farms

The South Natural Disasters Poor soil Peasants lacking land and capital Powerful clans and mafia This all lead to the economic and social backwardness of the south. High unemployment rate

Economic Difficulties 1880s Italian industry was undercut by foreigners 1887 Government responded by introducing tariffs This lead to a tariff war Whole areas of Italy were ruined

More Problems Leagues that supported socialist ideas were formed: Fasci Strikes, riots and arson broke out 1894, the Fasci were banned and a thousand people deported 1898, political parties and organisations considered subversive were banned Inflation

Economic development So were there any economic developments between ? b Italy was lacking basic resources e.g. coal and iron. a Industrialisation in the North worsened the North-South divide. a High taxes on the poor The only positive point was the industrial development in the North after 1900.

26 World War I 1915: Italy rejected its standing alliances with Austria, Germany, and Hungary when Austria invaded Serbia. It joined the Allies (England, France, and Russia) At the end of the war, the last two regions were joined to Italy: Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

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