Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: Describe an aircraft propeller? Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? Describe the two main controls with a constant- speed propeller and their use? Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

Questions / Comments

Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: Describe an aircraft propeller? Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? Describe the two main controls with a constant- speed propeller and their use? Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

Aircraft Systems Propeller The propeller is a rotating airfoil, subject to induced drag, stalls, and other aerodynamic principles that apply to any airfoil. The engine power is used to rotate the propeller, which in turn generates thrust very similar to the manner in which a wing produces lift.

Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: Describe an aircraft propeller? Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? Describe the two main controls with a constant- speed propeller and their use? Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

Aircraft Systems Propeller The tip of the blade travels faster than the part near the hub, because the tip travels a greater distance than the hub in the same length of time.

Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: Describe an aircraft propeller? Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? Describe the two main controls with a constant- speed propeller and their use? Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

Aircraft Systems Propeller In a fixed-pitch propeller, the tachometer is the indicator of engine power. A tachometer is calibrated in hundreds of rpm and gives a direct indication of the engine and propeller rpm. The instrument is color coded, with a green arc denoting the maximum continuous operating rpm.

Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: Describe an aircraft propeller? Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? Describe the two main controls with a constant- speed propeller and their use? Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

Aircraft Systems Propeller An aircraft with a constant-speed propeller has two controls: the throttle and the propeller control. The throttle controls power output and the propeller control regulates engine rpm. This in turn regulates propeller rpm which is registered on the tachometer.

Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: Describe an aircraft propeller? Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? Describe the two main controls with a constant- speed propeller and their use? Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

Aircraft Systems Propeller On aircraft equipped with a constant-speed propeller, power output is controlled by the throttle and indicated by a manifold pressure gauge. The gauge measures the absolute pressure of the fuel/air mixture inside the intake manifold and is more correctly a measure of manifold absolute pressure (MAP).

Questions / Comments

THIS DAY IN AVIATION January 28 1871 — The last balloon to leave Paris during the Persian siege takes off with orders for the French fleet to bring food and supplies to replenish the French capital, an armistice having been signed. The flight of the General “Cambronne” ends a period of almost exactly 5 months during which the advantages of balloons were put to efficient use.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION January 28 1945 — The Burma Road is reopened.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION January 28 1945 — The USAAF 8th AF observed its 3rd birthday with a 1,000 plane raid on Germany.

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January 2014 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chapter 5 Flight Controls Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4   5 6 Chapter 5 Flight Controls Primary Flight Controls 7 8 Ailerons Adverse Yaw Elevators Stabilators 9 10 Quiz 11 12 13 14 Canards Flaps 15 16 Trim Systems Autopilot Chapter TEST Grades Due 17 NO SCHOOL 18 19 20 21 22 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Questions / Comments

Chapter 6 – Aircraft Systems FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft. Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems. EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

Aircraft Systems Induction Systems The induction system brings in air from the outside, mixes it with fuel, and delivers the fuel/air mixture to the cylinder where combustion occurs. Outside air enters the induction system through an intake port on the front of the engine cowling.

Aircraft Systems Induction Systems This port normally contains an air filter that inhibits the entry of dust and other foreign objects. Since the filter may occasionally become clogged, an alternate source of air must be available.

Aircraft Systems Induction Systems Usually, the alternate air comes from inside the engine cowling, where it bypasses a clogged air filter.

Aircraft Systems Induction Systems Two types of induction systems are commonly used in small aircraft engines: 1. The carburetor system, which mixes the fuel and air in the carburetor before this mixture enters the intake manifold.

Aircraft Systems Induction Systems 2. The fuel injection system, which mixes the fuel and air immediately before entry into each cylinder or injects fuel directly into each cylinder.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems Carburetors are classified as either float type or pressure type.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems The float type of carburetor is probably the most common of all carburetor types.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems In the operation of the float-type carburetor system, the outside air first flows through an air filter.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems This filtered air flows into the carburetor and through a venturi, a narrow throat in the carburetor.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems When the air flows through the venturi, a low-pressure area is created, which forces the fuel to flow through a main fuel jet located at the throat.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems The fuel then flows into the airstream where it is mixed with the flowing air.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems The fuel/air mixture is then drawn through the intake manifold and into the combustion chambers where it is ignited.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems The flow of the fuel/air mixture to the combustion chambers is regulated by the throttle valve, which is controlled by the throttle in the flight deck.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems The chief disadvantage of the float carburetor, however, is its icing tendency.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems Since the float carburetor must discharge fuel at a point of low pressure, the discharge nozzle must be located at the venturi throat, and the throttle valve must be on the engine side of the discharge nozzle.

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems This means the drop in temperature due to fuel vaporization takes place within the venturi. As a result, ice readily forms in the venturi and on the throttle valve.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control Carburetors are normally calibrated at sea-level pressure, where the correct fuel-to-air mixture ratio is established with the mixture control set in the FULL RICH position.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control However, as altitude increases, the density of air entering the carburetor decreases, while the density of the fuel remains the same.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control This creates a progressively richer mixture, which can result in engine roughness and an appreciable loss of power.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control The roughness normally is due to spark plug fouling from excessive carbon buildup on the plugs.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control Carbon buildup occurs because the rich mixture lowers the temperature inside the cylinder, inhibiting complete combustion of the fuel.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control To maintain the correct fuel/air mixture, the mixture must be leaned using the mixture control.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control Leaning the mixture decreases fuel flow, which compensates for the decreased air density at high altitude.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control During a descent from high altitude, the mixture must be enriched, or it may become too lean.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control An overly lean mixture causes detonation, which may result in rough engine operation, overheating, and a loss of power.

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control Since the process of adjusting the mixture can vary from one aircraft to another, it is important to refer to the airplane flight manual (AFM) or the pilot’s operating handbook (POH) to determine the specific procedures for a given aircraft.

Class Summary Induction Systems

Class Summary - Propellers Understanding the control and interaction of the throttle pitch are critical Two instruments covered include the tachometer and the manifold pressure indicator

Questions / Comments

Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson. 3. List 3 things you learned today. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.

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