Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Lymphatic System and Immunity Functions and Structures: 1. LYMPH- watery fluid that goes between capillary blood and tissues - transports pathogens to lymph nodes where they can be destroyed - INTERSTITIAL FLUID filters out of capillaries into the microscopic spaces between cells 2. LYMPH VESSELS- transport excess tissue fluid back into circulatory system. 3. LYMPH NODES- produce lymphocytes, filter out harmful bacteria.

2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system Structures of the lymphatic system 3 Lymph vessels closely parallel veins transport lymph

2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system Structures of the lymphatic system 4 Lymph vessels parallel to blood vessels

2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system Structures of the lymphatic system 5 Lymph vessels Lacteals Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestines…in each villi

2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system Structures of the lymphatic system 6 Lymph vessels Lymphatic ducts Large lymph vessels Thoracic duct Also called the left lymphatic duct receives lymph from the left side…empties into left subclavian vein Right lymphatic duct Lymph flows only in one direction

2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system Structures of the lymphatic system 7 Lymph nodes tiny, oval-shaped structures tiny, oval-shaped structures range in size from a pinhead to an almond range in size from a pinhead to an almond Act as filters Act as filters Located alone or grouped – large cluster in the neck and under the arms If substance can’t be destroyed, node becomes inflamed Lymph node

2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system Structures of the lymphatic system 8 Tonsils 3 pairs masses of lymphatic tissue 1.Palatine tonsils sides of throat 2.Adenoids upper throat 3.Lingual tonsils back of tongue

Structures of the lymphatic system 9 Spleen Spongy organ in the upper-left quadrant of abdomen Forms lymphocytes and monocytes Filters blood Stores large amounts of RBCs – contracts during vigorous exercise or loss of blood to release RBCs

10 Destroys or removes old, fragile RBCs Not an essential organ…more needed in children If injured (blunt force trauma) may cause internal bleeding due to rich blood supply Spleen continued…..

2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system Thymus gland located in the upper, anterior chest located in the upper, anterior chest also an endocrine gland also an endocrine gland “disappearing gland” “disappearing gland” 11 Structures of the lymphatic system

The Lymphatic System What are the functions of the lymphatic system? 1. Fluid Balance 2. Lymphocyte Production 3. Filtration 4. Immunity 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 12

The Lymphatic System Fluid balance a) returning fluid from the interstitial compartment to the bloodstream b) transferring excess water from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid c) compensating for hypovolemia by releasing stored fluid to the tissues d) compensating for hypervolemia by absorbing and storing excess fluid 13 ____ Fluid IN ____ Fluid OUT

2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system The Lymphatic System Lymphocyte production What are lymphocytes? What do they do? 14

The Lymphatic System Filtration Lymph nodes filter fluid to remove pathogens…fluid then delivered to other lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes filter fluid to remove pathogens…fluid then delivered to other lymphatic vessels. 15

The Lymphatic System 16 The body’s ability to resist pathogens Present at birth, inherited and permanent The body’s response to a pathogen Lasts longer…your body responds to a pathogen Artifically acquired by injecting antibodies…lasts 3-5 weeks…immediate immunity Result of recovering from a disease Being vaccinated / immunized (antigen injected to stimulate production of antibodies)

The Lymphatic System Natural immunity (Innate) – at birth, inherited and permanent. (Innate) – at birth, inherited and permanent. Includes anatomical barriers: Includes anatomical barriers: Unbroken skin Unbroken skin Mucus and tears Mucus and tears Blood phagocytes Blood phagocytes Local inflammation Local inflammation 17

2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Active and Passive Occurs as a result of exposure to invaders - Lasts longer…two types Occurs as a result of exposure to invaders - Lasts longer…two types 18

2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Active Natural Natural A result of having had and recovered from a disease. A result of having had and recovered from a disease. For example: a child who had measles will usually not get it again – child’s body has manufactured antibodies against disease For example: a child who had measles will usually not get it again – child’s body has manufactured antibodies against disease 19

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Passive Natural – baby gets from mother’s placenta or mother’s milk 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 20

2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Active Artificial Artificial Natural Natural 21

2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 22 The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity Active Artificial Should immunizations be required? Why or why not?

2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 23 When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material, and instead, the antibodies formed irritate certain body cells. An abnormal response to a drug or allergen. An ALLERGEN is an antigen that causes allergic reaction responses. (Examples of allergens – ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods,etc.) HYPERSENSITIVITY

The Lymphatic System Anaphylactic shock Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a massive secretion of histamine massive secretion of histamine Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting Rx - adrenaline Rx - adrenaline Needs to wear a medic-alert bracelet / tag Needs to wear a medic-alert bracelet / tag 24

The Lymphatic System AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Caused by HTLV-III (human T- lymphotrophic virus type III) Commonly caused HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Caused by HTLV-III (human T- lymphotrophic virus type III) Commonly caused HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Affects not only homosexual males but all populations Affects not only homosexual males but all populations 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 25

The patient with AIDS cannot fight off cancers and most infections The patient with AIDS cannot fight off cancers and most infections Three responses to HIV infection: Three responses to HIV infection: 1. AIDS 2. ARC (AIDS – related complex) 3. Asymptomatic infection Screening tests (anonymous) for HIV/AIDS are available Screening tests (anonymous) for HIV/AIDS are available 26

Symptoms of AIDS 1. Prolonged fatigue 2. Persistent fevers or night sweats 3. Persistent, unexplained cough 4. Thick coating in throat or on tongue 5. Easy bruising, unexplained bleeding 6. Appearance of purple lesions on mucous membranes or skin that don’t go away 7. Chronic diarrhea 8. Shortness of breath 9. Unexplained lymphadenopathy 10. Unexplained weight loss, 10lbs or more, in less than 2 months  Incubation period: 1 month to 12 years 27

The Lymphatic System Hodgkin’s Disease cancer of the lymph nodes, painless swelling of lymph nodes are early symptoms. cancer of the lymph nodes, painless swelling of lymph nodes are early symptoms. Rx – chemotherapy and radiation Rx – chemotherapy and radiation 28

The Lymphatic System Infectious mononucleosis Caused by virus Caused by virus Frequently in young adults and children Frequently in young adults and children Spread by oral contact ( i.e. kissing, drinking after someone) Spread by oral contact ( i.e. kissing, drinking after someone) Symptoms – enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue,  Leukocytes Symptoms – enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue,  Leukocytes Rx – bedrest, symptomatic treatment Rx – bedrest, symptomatic treatment 29

The Lymphatic System Lupus erythematosus What is the classic symptom of lupus? What other symptoms might present? How is lupus managed? What is the prognosis? 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 30

The Lymphatic System Lymphadenitis What is it? Lymph aden itis LYMPHADENITIS – enlargement of the lymph nodes, occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection – generalized enlargement LYMPHADENITIS – enlargement of the lymph nodes, occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection – generalized enlargement 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 31

The Lymphatic System Lymphedema Lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed. Lymphatic obstruction may cause lymphedema, which means swelling due to a blockage of the lymph passages Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 32 Photo used with written permission by the Mayo Clinic.

The Lymphatic System Scleroderma Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease that involves changes in the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs. Autoimmune disorderAutoimmune disorder, a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. Autoimmune disorderSymptoms: Fingers or toes that turn blue or white in response to hot and cold temperatures Fingers or toes that turn blue or white in response to hot and cold temperatures Hair loss Hair loss Skin hardness Skin hardness Skin that is abnormally dark or light Skin that is abnormally dark or light Skin thickening, stiffness, and tightness of fingers, hands, and forearm Skin thickening, stiffness, and tightness of fingers, hands, and forearm Tight and mask-like skin on the face Tight and mask-like skin on the face Joint pain Joint pain 33

The Lymphatic System Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial or viral infection Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 34