The First Americans

Introduction Origins Regional Diversity Conclusion Key Terms: Mesoamerica Southwest Eastern Woodlands Mississippian Iroquois New England Pacific Northwest Conclusion Key Terms: Bering Land Bridge Teotihuacan Aztec Anasazi Cahokia Iroquois Hiawatha

Themes Origins of Native Americans in Western Hemisphere Diversity of lifestyle Changing nature of Indian societies before European contact

Introduction Origins Regional Diversity Conclusion Key Terms: Mesoamerica Southwest Eastern Woodlands Mississippian Iroquois New England Conclusion Key Terms: Bering Land Bridge Teotihuacan Aztec Anasazi Cahokia Iroquois Hiawatha

Aztec Capital - Tenochtitlan

Native Americans and Origins Numerous theories and beliefs… Many anthropologists and historians agree humans lived in North American about 35,000 BC How did they arrive…? Bering Land Bridge

Map of Bering Land Bridge

New World Civilizations

Introduction Origins Regional Diversity Conclusion Key Terms: Mesoamerica Southwest Eastern Woodlands Mississippian Iroquois New England Conclusion Key Terms: Bering Land Bridge Teotihuacan Aztec Anasazi Cahokia Iroquois Hiawatha

Locations of Selected Native American Peoples, 1500 AD

Farming Access to food = key Agricultural Origins 8000 B.C. Middle East 5000 B.C. Western Hemisphere

Location Food Source Dwellings Interesting Facts Meso-american Southwest Mississippian Iroquois Algonquian Pacific Northwest Location Food Source Dwellings Interesting Facts

Introduction Origins Regional Diversity Conclusion Key Terms: Mesoamerica Southwest Eastern Woodlands Mississippian Iroquois New England Conclusion Key Terms: Bering Land Bridge Teotihuacan Aztec Anasazi Cahokia Iroquois Hiawatha

Major Mesoamerican Cultures

Major Mesoamerican Cultures (Aztecs) Became dominant power by 1400s Capitals = Tenochtitlan Pop: 300,000 (bigger than an city in Europe)

Great Temple at Tenochtitlan Aztec honored over 200 deities

Major Mesoamerican Cultures (Aztecs) Became dominant power by 1400s Capitals = Tenochtitlan Pop: 300,000 (bigger than an city in Europe) Irrigation network created fertile cropland and access to fresh water Still expanding their empire in early 1500s

Introduction Origins Regional Diversity Conclusion Key Terms: Mesoamerica Southwest Eastern Woodlands Mississippian Iroquois New England Conclusion Key Terms: Bering Land Bridge Teotihuacan Aztec Anasazi Cahokia Iroquois Hiawatha

Southwest

Southwest Know for its dry climate but farming was important Anasazi Chaco Canyon - important center for trade Towns were set up so that straight roads would connect satellite communities

Anasazi culture declined by 12th and 13th centuries as rain levels dropped. Large communities most likely dissolved into smaller tribes and bands

Introduction Origins Regional Diversity Conclusion Key Terms: Mesoamerica Southwest Eastern Woodlands Mississippian Iroquois New England Conclusion Key Terms: Bering Land Bridge Teotihuacan Aztec Anasazi Cahokia Iroquois Hiawatha

Eastern Woodlands

Mississippian Mississippian culture emerged about 700 AD Cahokia was located near present-day St. Louis

Cahokia Mounds Covered about 125 sq miles 20,000 residents Built platform mounds Served as temples and homes for chiefs

Mississippian Mississippian culture emerged about 700 AD Cahokia was located near present-day St. Louis After 1200 it entered a period of decline

Iroquois

Iroquois: A Confederation of Five Separate Tribes Confederation of tribes that number around 10,000 total Mohawks Oneidas Onondagas Cayugas Senecas

Political Structure Council Government Each tribe in confederacy sent delegates/representatives to council meetings

Iroquois Society Homes = Longhouses 25 ft wide Up to 200 ft in length Several families would live in each longhouse

Iroquois Society Homes = Longhouses Property was owned communally 25 ft wide Up to 200 ft in length Several families would live in each longhouse Property was owned communally Division of labor between men/women: Men: hunted/fished; warriors Women: farmed and gathered A significant portion of their diet came from farmed products

Women in Iroquois Society Descent was matrilineal; Husband moved into home of wife’s family houses were headed by women Women could divorce their husbands Women selected all delegates to the Iroquois Council and influenced policy

New England – Algonquians Pequot Wampanoag Powhatan Potawatomi

New England – Algonquians Northern New England Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine Southern New England Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island

New England – Algonquians Northern New England Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine Hunter-gathers: Very Mobile Spring and summer lived near coasts; moved inland for fall and winter to hunt game animals Southern New England Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island Hunted and Farmed (at times up to 2/3 of diet)

New England – Algonquians Northern New England Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine Hunter-gathers: Very Mobile Spring and summer lived near coasts; moved inland for fall and winter to hunt game animals 15,000-20,000 population in 1600 Southern New England Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island Hunted and Farmed (at times up to 2/3 of diet) 55,000-80,000 population in 1600

Farming Methods Fields were cleared by girdling and with fire “Three Sisters” of agriculture Corn, beans, and squash were planted together Corn drew Nitrogen Beans added Nitrogen Farming had a major impact on the environment

Pacific Northwest

Pacific Northwest Lived as hunter/gatherers, but also very wealthy Indians of the Pacific Northwest Coast

Pacific Northwest Cedar trees could reach 250 feet height and 18 feet in diameter Bark: used for clothing, baskets, etc. When softened it could be fashioned into diapers for babies Lumber: Canoes, homes (longhouses), etc. Longhouses were very large: 100 x 40 ft

Seafood/Salmon Seafood was the foundation of their diet Fish could be caught in many way Fish were preserved by drying and smoking Key = Abundance Clams, crabs, and other shellfish were eaten Whales were hunted in some areas

Introduction Origins Regional Diversity Conclusion Key Terms: Mesoamerica Southwest Eastern Woodlands Mississippian Iroquois New England Conclusion Key Terms: Berign Land Bridge Teotihuacan Aztec Anasazi Cahokia Iroquois Hiawatha

Review Origins of Native Americans Tremendous differences among Indian Peoples Compare and contrast life; what ere some important traits of people living in different regions?

Source http://college.cengage.com/history/lecturepoints/part01_lecture01/part01_lecture01.html

Confederacy of Five Tribes Powhatans Pequot Potawatomi Southwest Southern Mexico Longhouses Farmed Aztec Incas Mayans Mesoamerica Confederacy of Five Tribes Powhatans Pequot Potawatomi Pacific Northwest Built Mound Platforms Near present day St. Louis Northern Mexico Arizona Utah Colorado New Mexico Mississippian Matrilineal Society Tenochtitlan Chokia Iroquois Pueblos Chaco Canyon Hunter/Gather - Seafood Three Sisters Beans Squash Corn Algonquian Anasazi Mogollon Hohokam Mixture of Hunter Gathers and Farmers New York

3, 2, 1 Three Dietary difference amongst the people of the New World Two societal differences that existed amongst the Native Americans One questions you still have