 Monomers of proteins.  Link together via condensation reactions to form polypeptides.  Happens on ribosomes.  We have 20 different amino acids.

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 Monomers of proteins.  Link together via condensation reactions to form polypeptides.  Happens on ribosomes.  We have 20 different amino acids.

 Special name for the bonds between two amino acids.  Happens between the N of one a.a. and the CO of another.

 1 polypeptide can be as short as 20 amino acids or as long as 10,000.  Amino acids can create infinite combinations.  Proteins can be made of one polypeptide, or multiple polypeptides.

 Contain the genetic directions to make proteins.  Most genes code for protein.  It takes 3 bases, a codon, to code for one amino acid.

 The sequence of bases determines the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide.  The sequence of bases is called an open reading frame.

 The sequence of amino acids determines the conformation, or 3-D structure, of a protein.  The same protein is always made the same way.  Heating up a protein or placing it in pH extremes can cause a protein to denature.

 Proteins have a vast array of functions in living things. 1. Catalysis- Speed up chemical reactions. 2. Muscle Contractions 3. Cytoskeletons- Help form cell structure. 4. Tensile strengthening- Help give strength to skin, tendons, and ligaments. 5. Blood Clotting- Turn blood from liquid to a gel.

6. Transport Gases- Hemoglobin helps transport O 2 and CO 2 throughout blood. 7. Cell Adhesion- Membrane proteins cause adjacent animal cells to stick together. 8. Membrane Transport- Used in facilitated diffusion, active transport, and electron transport chain. 9. Hormones

10) Receptors- Binding site for hormones. 11) Packing DNA- Histone proteins help pack DNA tightly. 12) Immunity- Proteins help form anitbodies.

 All the proteins made by a cell.  Can differ between cells.  Outside of identical twins, no one’s proteomes are the same.