Alternative Feeds Research at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ronald Johnson Marine Aquaculture Program Northwest Fisheries Science Center NOAA Fisheries Seattle, WA, USA

World Fisheries -Capture vs. Aquaculture

Rising demand for fishmeal World demand for seafood is increasing. Aquaculture can meet demand. Worldwide aquaculture use- 2008* Fish meal, 3.7 mmt, 61% of world supply Fish oil, 0.7 mmt, 74% of world supply *Source: Tacon A G J, Hasan M R, Metian M (2011) Demand and supply of feed ingredients for farmed fish and crustaceans: trends and prospects. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 564. Rome, FAO. 87pp.

Rising cost of fishmeal

Goals Alternative feed ingredients cost effective maintain fish growth Maintain human health benefits Low environmental impact NOAA/ USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative

Triple Bottom Line Approach Feeds for Healthy Sustainable Aquaculture Human Health EconomicEnvironment

Fishmeal vs. soybean meal prices

Change is already taking place et. al Torrissen et. al. 2011

Plant proteins and oils -advantages Economic Low cost Biotechnology can keep costs down and improve nutrient composition Largest quantity of proteins and oils Environmental Low trophic level; primary producers Co-product provides use of waste material for another industry (e.g., starch) Sequesters CO 2 on the earth Human health Phyto-chemicals

Plant proteins and oils -disadvantages Economical Nutritionally incomplete Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) Amino acids and dipeptides Met, Lys, Tau Anti-nutritional factors High in carbohydrates Environmental Issues associated with increased agriculture Human Health Naturally low in n-3HUFAs

Byproducts of ethanol production - advantages Economic Low cost Use of carbohydrate fraction for ethanol production may increase availability of the protein and bring costs down Environmental Co-product provides use of waste material from another industry Sequesters CO 2 Human health Phyto-chemicals

Byproducts of ethanol production - disadvantages Economical Nutritionally incomplete Quality of protein sometimes low due to ethanol production process Lipid competes with biodiesel Environmental Issues associated with increased agriculture Human health May have contamination loads from farming practices or processing for fuels Naturally low in n-3 HUFAs

Animal byproducts - advantages Economic Well utilized by a variety of fish species Meals are often similar to fishmeal in nutrient composition Increases revenue to animal processing Lower cost? Environmental Recycles animal processing wastes back to fish Human health May be a source of CLA

Animal byproducts - disadvantages Economical Public concerns over BSE have resulted in restrictions on use in feeds Environmental Issues associated with animal production Human health Some markets do not allow terrestrial animal proteins BSE issue is unclear Low in n-3 HUFAs and high in saturated fats

Fish byproducts -advantages Economic High palatability Easy to replace fish meal and oil with high quality meal Environmental Uses waste which is now discarded Reduces nutrient pollution Human health High in n-3 HUFAs and other nutrients

Fish byproducts -disadvantages Economical Expensive to capture fish Located in small quantities from diverse sources Highly perishable until dried Environmental No serious issues Human health May have the same contaminants as conventional fish meal and oil

Other potential alternatives Algae products Krill Insect products Single cell protein Marine invertebrates Invasive fish speci es

Northwest Fisheries Science Center Seattle, WA, USA

Fisheries byproduct research at NWFSC

Whitefish meal Pollock bone meal Salmon processing Head meal Frame and trim meal

Northwest Fisheries Science Center Manchester, WA, USA

Going forward -Alternative feeds research at NWFSC Fishmeal replacement Fisheries byproducts meals Plant meals Taurine Pollock bone meal Fish oil replacement Viscera oils Specialty oils Finishing feeds Pacific salmon Pre-harvest feeds intervals

Thank you