Classification of the Consonants Place-Voice-Manner

Manner of Production Stops [p,b,t,d,k,g] and [  ] Formed by blocking the oral cavity, thereby stopping the airstream at some point Air pressure builds up in the oral cavity Voiceless stops are aspirated at beginning of words Velopharynx is closed

Stops (con’t) Bilabial stops /p, b/ Alveolar stops 6 stops /t, d/ Velar stops (voiced/voiceless) /k, g/ Glottal stop /  /

Stops (con’t) Deaf speakers usually voice all stops Flap [  ] – an allophone of /t/ and /d/ that occurs intervocalically in words such as “city”, “ladder”, “butter”, “writer”, “Patty” A tap or bounce of the tongue on the alveolar ridge Epenthetic stop Insert (epenthesis) a stop between a nasal and a fricative Prince, prints Warmth something

Fricatives [f,v, , ,s,z, ,  ] and [h] Produced by forcing air out through a narrow constriction Air creates a noisy turbulence Velopharynx is closed

Fricatives (con’t) Labiodental /f, v/ Linguadental / ,  / Alveolar /s,z/8-9 fricatives Palatal / ,  / voiced/voiceless [glottal] /h/

Fricatives (con’t) Lisp (alveolar and palatal fricatives) Speakers who have difficulty with fricatives Cleft palate – air escapes through the cleft Deaf speakers – don’t distinguish voicing

Affricates [t , d  ] Made up of a plosive and a homorganic fricative The two are articulated in one movement and act as a single unit Velopharynx is closed

Affricates (con’t) Voiceless palatal affricate [t  ] Voiceled palatal affricate [d  ]

Affricates (con’t) Dental affricates German and Italian Nazi pizza

Nasals [m,n,  ] Oral cavity is completely closed, as it is for stops Velopharynx is open Have a syllabic nature They may form a syllable with no othr vowel [m, n,  ] “button” [b  n] ~ [b  n] “bottom” [b  ] ~ [b  m]

Nasals (con’t) Bilabial [m] Alveolar [n] Velar [  ]

Glides [w, j] and [h] Articulators make a gradual gliding motion toward and from a vowel Therefore, can only occur pre- and intervocalically; NEVER word-finally Most vowel-like of the approximants (frictionless continuants – glides and liquids)

Glides (con’t) Labio-velar glide [w] Palatal glide [j] Glottal glide [h]

Liquids [l, r] Shares characteristics with other approximants No friction or blockage Vowel-like quality Can function as either a consonant or a vowel

Liquids (con’t) Lateral liquid [l] Voiced alveolar liquid 2 kinds of [l] Light [l] – “leaf” Dark [  ] – “dull” Additional arching of tongue in velar region Rhotic liquid [r] Voiced palatal liquid Tongue is raised and retracted in a tight knot Tongue is “bunched”

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises Voiced palatal glide Voiceless glottal glide Voiceless palatal affricate Voiced labio-velar glide Voiced palatal affricate

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises /j/ /d  ] /w/ /j, d , t  ] /t , h/

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises Voiced velar stop Voiceless palatal fricative Voiceless alveolar stop Voiceless alveolar fricative Voiced labio-dental fricative Voiced velar stop Voiced bilabial stop Palatal glide

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises /v/ /  / /  / /s/ /j/ /p, t, k, t , f, , s,  / /t, d, s, z/ V, , z,  /