Technological, Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization in Sustainable Viticulture Anıl GÜCÜYEN Department of Agricultural Machinery Ege University Faculty of Agriculture İzmir-TURKEY

Contents GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Comperative Values Climate of Turkey The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs Cultural Operations Soil Tillage Pruning Removing Pruning Waste Fertilization Plant Protection Irrigation Harvesting Conculusion

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Where is TURKEY? Grape output in 2005 shown as a percenteage of the top producer (Italy tonnes)

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Some General Indicators Agricultural area Use of agricultural area Agricultural regions Farm size Employment Trade of agricultural goods Viticulture and Viniculture regions of Turkey Most important wine varieties in Turkey

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Vineyard Areas of Some Countries (1000 ha)

Fresh Grape Production of Some Countries GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey 1000 ton

Annual Average Precipitation of Turkey Climate of Turkey GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Long Term Mean Temperature of Turkey Climate of Turkey GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Climate of Turkey Precipitation Temperature GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Monthly variation of the temperature and the precipitation

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Avaliable Field-Working-Days in March and April

Avaliable Field-Working-Days in May and June GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Avaliable Field-Working-Days in September, October, November GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

In technical perspective, realization of necessary processes in best manner and most appropriate frame, In an economic perspective, minimization of costs without quality losses and overcoming operational bottlenecks related to planning, In an ecological perspective, solutions to problems like soil compaction, water management, environmental and residue in spraying. Mechanization as an Instrument for Sustainable Viticulture

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Reduction of energy consumption Reduction of fuel consumption Reduction of time requirement Reduction of work hours Reduction of field traffic Optimum Fertilizing Optimum Spraying Optimum Irrigation Use of spatial data for precise farming Increasing the farm scale Increasing the efficiency in machine use The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey OPERATIONOPERATION TIME and (REPETATION) UNIT COST (Euro/ha) TOTAL COST (Euro/ha) SHARE (%) CULTURAL OPERATION ( 1€ = 2TL ) Soil TillageDecember-July (6)21,5 TL/da 107,5 €/ha 1290 TL/ha 645 €/ha 36,3 PruningDecember- February (1)25 TL/da 125 €/ha 250 TL/ha 125 €/ha 7,0 Transport of Pruning Waste December- February (1)7 TL/da 35 €/ha 70 TL/ha 35 €/ha 1,9 Branch Binding December- February (1)9 TL/da 45 €/ha 90 TL/ha 45 €/ha 2,5 Green PruningMay-June (1)13 TL/da 65 €/ha 130 TL/ha 65 €/ha 3,7 FertilizingNovember-March (2)11,5 TL/da 57,5 €/ha 230 TL/ha 115 €/ha 6,5 SprayingFebruary-July (6)10,4 TL/da 52 €/ha 624 TL/ha 312 €/ha 17,6 IrrigationMay-July (3)9 TL/da 45 €/ha 270 TL/ha 135 €/ha 7,6 HarvestingAugust-September38 TL/da 190 €/ha 380 TL/ha 190 €/ha 10,7 Miscellaneous22 TL/da 110 €/ha 220 TL/ha 110 €/ha 6,2 TOTAL3554 TL/ha 1777 €/ha 100 General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Cultural Operations Cost Share (%) Soil Tillage Pruning+ Green Pruning Transport of Pruning Waste Branch Binding Fertilizing Spraying Irrigation Harvesting Miscellaneous 36,3 10,7 1,9 2,5 6,5 17,6 7,6 10,7 6,2

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Soil Tillage The in-row and inter- row soil tillage is the main operation during the winter, repeated up to 8 times a year for rain water storage, weed control and airation. Conventional ploughs, discharrows, rotary tillers and tineharrows, subsoilers are the most used equipments for soil cultivation. Soil tillage is the most costly operation because of improper machinery and multiple passes.

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Soil Tillage

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Pruning There are some differences between the pruning methods in according to production targets and the quality of grapes depend on also pruning efficiency besides other influential factors. Generally hand devices such as knives, scissors and saws are used. This method is simple but is not economic and ergonomic. In last years there is a tendence for electrical-pneumatic-automatic devices for this purpose. They increase the work capacity app. 40 %.

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Self propelled machines and high-tech pruning methods are only suitable for new wine grape plantations and there are few examples in Turkey. First calculations on pruning expences per area show a decrease about 30-50%, although the purchase price of such system-tractors are rather high. Pruning

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey The pruning waste is not prefered to be mixed with soil because of bacterial disease danger. Generally this waste is removed with special rakes and trailers. Removing Pruning Waste

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Fertilization Only in one year fertilizer prices are doubled or even trippled in Turkey. For that reason, distribution of plant nutrients are much more important than ever before. Fertilizer Prices (€/kg)August’07August’08% Increase Amonyum Sülfat (%21N) 0,380,76100 Amonyum Nitrat (%26N) 0,340,6591,1 Amonyum Nitrat (%33N) 0,420,90114,2 Üre (%46 N) 0,631,32109,5 DAP (%18 N, %46 P2O5) 0,752,10180,0 Kompoze ,531,38160,3

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey As the performance of surface spreaders are not sufficient and not ideal for homogeneus distribution, undersoil fertilization must be prefered. This machine is much more efficient and saves about 30% fertilizer, although the time requirement is little higher. Fertilization

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Generally in small vineyards, hand and snapneck pulverizators are used, wheras mainly tractor mounted or trailed machines prefered in larger areas. Plant Protection Herbicide application Pesticide application

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Plant Protection Under the unsuitable conditions, sprayed chemicals do not reach the target surface but pollute air and soil along with economic and ecologic problems. Spraying costs can be reduced up to 60 % with assistance of appropriate design, construction, nozzle type, air velocity and operation pressure.

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Special purpose side spraying, or system-tractors and their spraying attachments are not in use, except a few new established vineyards for wine production. Plant Protection

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Irrigation The efficiency of irrigation and total costs depend on; Water source Irrigation method Irrigation area

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Border irrigation needs much more water, manpower, time and as a result higher cost. Although higher capital demand at the beginning, the water and energy costs of drip irrigation are approximately 20-40% lower. Moreover this system can be used for fertilization. Irrigation

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Inventive Solutions !!!!

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Harvesting All vineyards in the region are harvested manually. Such rear boxes reduce in-farm transport costs up to 40%, compared to hand-baskets. The vineyards are mostly optimal preperad for harvest operations, but sometimes such unusual bed examples can be seen.

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Harvesting For raisin production, the next steps are dipping and drying in open air before industrial manipulations. Also these steps are done manually.

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Harvesting The high-tech in harvesting with various methods have just been introduced to Turkey. Althougt the existed vineyards are not suitable for such solutions, new wine grape farms are interested with these, while the real “Kilogram” or “Hectare” costs are calculated 20-40% lower and can be harvested just in time.

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey CONCULUSION Estimated costs and investment analysis related to the production of grapes highly depend on different single cases. The main bottle-necks in Turkey for higher productivity and lower unit costs are; Farm sizes are too small, Farm areas have fragmented structure, Vine shapes are varying and they have different systems, In-row and inter-row spaces are variying too much, Financal instruments for the small-scale farms are limited, which make mechanization really difficult if not impossible. But it must be seen all these discussions are not only for todays questions, but especially for new vineyards of tomorrow, so that we will not have the same problems in the future.

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