Where does background noise in the ocean come from? ORE 654 Guest Lecture Fred Duennebier October 21, 2011.

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Presentation transcript:

Where does background noise in the ocean come from? ORE 654 Guest Lecture Fred Duennebier October 21, 2011

Outline Ocean Background Acoustic Levels What has been observed? Microseisms Kibblewhite, Wake, Cessaro, Webb, H2O, Bromirski What’s missing? New Measurements ALOHA Cabled Observatory (ACO) Correlation with Wind Correlation with Waves Seismic Correlation Importance of Spreading Function Conclusions

E A: Ship B: Rain C: Humpback D: Blue E: Minke

play sounds

Webb, 1992 Noise levels near 0.2 Hz are ~18 dB higher in the Pacific than the N. Atlantic and ~42 dB higher than in the ice-covered Arctic.

What’s missing? What would make the data more useful? LONG time series deep-ocean large fetch concurrent wind, wave, seismic measurements

WHOTS OCEAN BUOY at Station ALOHA, 2010

Waimea Bay Waverider Buoy

ALOHA PROOF ACOUSTIC DATA 20 – month acoustic time series KHz Bandwidth 24- bit samples 24,000 samples/sec pre-whitening filter >150 dB dynamic range

ACO Installed and Operating as of June, 2011

How does energy from the WIND get to the ocean floor?

WAVE GENERATION

How does energy from the WIND get to the ocean floor? WAVE GENERATION Longuet-Higgins mechanism

How does energy from the WIND get to the ocean floor? WAVE GENERATION Longuet-Higgins mechanism Lateral transport as seismic waves

Wave Amplitude Wavenumber 2π/ Wavenumber at peak amplitude

frequency at peak wave amplitude Wind speed at 10 m elevation Nondimensional frequency Wave frequency

Longuet-Higgins Pressure at the ocean floor Angular acoustic Frequency Density/sound velocity Overlap Integral Spreading Function Angle from downwind direction HUGHES’ Equation

Why is this important? For wave energy to propagate to the ocean floor requires opposing wave trains of the same frequency. The sound then observed in the deep- ocean will have TWICE THE FREQUENCY of the waves and amplitude proportional to the product of the amplitudes of the opposing waves.

Using Nondimensional Frequency

Summer

Winter

Sound Propagation by the Longuet-Higgins mechanism requires OPPOSING waves. Most long-period seas have only a very small opposing component, and do not contribute to the sound field.

Kedar et al., 2008