PCD—Birth Defects Objective 3.01 Heredity and Environment Influences on Prenatal Development & Long-term Effects on the Health of Children.

FACTS About 150,000 babies are born each year with birth defects. 1 out of 28 parents receive frightening news that their baby has a birth defect. There are over 4,000 known birth defects Birth defects are the leading cause of death in the first year of life.

What is a Birth Defect? An abnormality of structure, function or body metabolism present at birth that results in physical or mental disability or is fatal (deadly).

Prenatal Development Influenced by conditions brought on by the environment and hereditary traits. For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child. A birth defect is an abnormality that is present at birth that affects the structure or functions of the body and may threaten a baby’s health and/or welfare.

Environment vs. Hereditary Prenatal Development is influenced by conditions brought on by the Environment & Hereditary Traits. For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child.

Potential Causes of Birth Defects Directions: Read Chapter 4. Complete the chart on the handout provided using Chapter 4 Section 3 in the textbook, page 124-125. Pick 8 of the 10 Birth Defects List the following in the rectangle: Causes Detections Treatments

Environment Complete the next slides on the bubble map labeled: Environmental Influences

Inadequate (not enough) Nutrition of Mother Stunt brain dev. Mental retardation Increased risk: multiple birth defects low birth weight

Rubella, or German measles 1st trimester of pregnancy can cause severe birth defects Blindness Deafness Heart disease Mental retardation

Toxoplasmosis Parasite causes: Blindness Hearing loss Learning disabilities Death Found in cat litter and some raw meats

Chicken Pox During 1st half of pregnancy: Scarring of baby’s skin Limb (arms, legs) defects Eye problems Miscarriage (death before 20th week)

STD’s Can be passed to unborn child and can lead to: Serious illnesses Physical disabilities Death

Nicotine Smoking Tobacco OR Secondhand Smoke Smaller than average babies Miscarriages and premature deliveries Respiratory infections or allergies

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) 20% of infants die Facial deformities Delayed physical growth Heart defects Hyperactivity Mental retardation or disabilities Poor coordination Difficulty controlling behavior

FAS

Drugs: Over-the-counter & illegal Nothing should be taken during pregnancy without doctor’s permission Pass on drug addition to the baby Makes it necessary for baby to go through painful withdrawal period after birth Produces severe, long-term learning and behavioral problems Large amounts of caffeine increase risk of miscarriage Low birth-weight babies Infant death Cocaine increases risk of miscarriage Produces strokes that lead to brain damage Heart attack Birth abnormalities Death Causes tremors, irritability, sleep problems, and developmental delays

Exposure to hazards Chemicals paint, pesticides, lead-based chemicals, carbon monoxide, mercury, solvents, paint thinners, and formaldehyde Potentially cause physical and mental abnormalities in unborn baby X rays can cause childhood cancer, miscarriages, and mental retardation Toxoplasmosis extreme high blood pressure

Accidental Injuries Cerebral palsy Caused by damage to the brain before, during, or shortly after birth Damage to the developing embryo and fetus from accidental injuries of all types can potentially cause a wide range of birth defects

Hereditary Influences on Prenatal Development & Birth Defects

Complete the next slides on the bubble map labeled: Hereditary Influences Label left side of the paper: Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents Label right side of the paper: Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

Cystic Fibrosis Caused by inheritance of recessive genes More likely to affect Caucasians than African or Asian-Americas Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents

Tay-Sachs Disease Inherited disease most common among eastern European families of Jewish descent Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents

Sickle Cell Anemia Malformed red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen and prevalent in African- Americans Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents

Hemophilia Passed on from mothers to sons only Prevents blood from clotting Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

Huntington’s Disease Manifests in adulthood males Leads to dementia Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy Transmitted by female carriers Usually affects only males Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

Color Blindness Usually affects only males Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

Errors in Chromosomes Problems with the number or structure of chromosomes Down syndrome Associated with mental retardation Increased risk of heart defects Leukemia Poor muscle tone Distinctive physical characteristics Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

Hereditary & Environmental Birth Defects

Virus during pregnancy Heart Defect Inherited Drug use Virus during pregnancy

Cleft lip/cleft palate Gap in upper lip or palate

Cleft Palate Sometimes the roof of the mouth does not completely close, leaving an opening that extends into the nasal cavity. The cleft may include either side of the cavity. The abnormality may be associated with cleft lip or other syndromes.

Cleft Lip Incomplete formation of lips during fetal development leads to Cleft Lip abnormality. The extent varies from mild to severe. The clefts can be distinguished into unilateral clefts and bilateral clefts

Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus Risk can be reduced by taking folic acid during pregnancy

Multiple Births Leading to fraternal twins The hyper-ovulation gene may be inherited from the mother Leading to fraternal twins Primarily influenced by environment Twin-to-twin syndrome (TTTS) Result of one twin taking nourishment from the other Fertility drugs

Identifying Birth Defects Symptoms _____1. Cerebral palsy ______ _____2. Cleft palate ______ _____3. Cystic fibrosis ______ _____4. Down syndrome ______ _____5. Hydrocephalus ______ _____6. Muscular dystrophy ______ _____7. PKU ______ _____8. Sickle cell anemia ______ _____9. Spina bifida ______ . A. Tiredness, lack of appetite, and pain B. Gap in the roof of the mouth C. Incompletely formed spinal cord D. Progressive weakness and shrinking of the muscles E. Child slow to develop motor skills F. Overly rapid growth of the head G. Very salty sweat and a cough that doesn’t go away H. Affects the body’s ability to properly use protein I. Has an extra chromosome

Answers Birth Defects Symptoms B. Gap in the roof of the mouth E 1. Cerebral palsy E B 2. Cleft palate B G 3. Cystic fibrosis H I 4. Down syndrome H F 5. Hydrocephalus B D 6. Muscular dystrophy H H 7. PKU H A 8. Sickle cell anemia H C 9. Spina bifida B . A. Tiredness, lack of appetite, and pain B. Gap in the roof of the mouth C. Incompletely formed spinal cord D. Progressive weakness and shrinking of the muscles E. Child slow to develop motor skills F. Overly rapid growth of the head G. Very salty sweat and a cough that doesn’t go away H. Affects the body’s ability to properly use protein I. Has an extra chromosome

POP QUIZ time

What potentially causes birth defects? Genetic and environmental factors 60% of birth defects are currently unknown A single abnormal gene

Can birth defects be prevented? Potential causes of most birth defects are not known, there are a number of steps a woman can take to reduce her risk

Help Reduce Risk Visit a health care provider for a pre-pregnancy check up especially if you have health problems When pregnant, take daily multi-vitamins, containing B-vitamin folic acid. Avoid: Alcohol Drugs Smoking prescription or over-the-counter medications without Dr. permission!

Can some birth defects be diagnosed before birth? Prenatal tests that can be administered: Ultrasound Amniocentesis Chronic villus sampling

Preventing Birth Defects Avoid… Poor nutrition Alcohol Smoking Drugs STDs Rubella Parasites Radiation

Experiment Crack an egg in a glass jar. Fill jar halfway full of rubbing alcohol. Observe changes to the egg. Write on a sticky note how seeing the changes affects their thinking. Discussion what each item represents and how it relates to a birth defect.

Simon Birch 1 hour and 53 minutes A movie about a very small person; he has a lot of faith and self-confidence in spite of the fact that he is physically "different", he has little family support and he has health problems.

Birth Defect Group Project Directions You will receive a birth defect to investigate Make aware your findings using a blog on the Internet. https://www.blogger.com/start References can come from your notes, textbook, and Internet to find your references. DO NOT COPY YOUR INFORMATION = PLAGERISM!!!!! Classify your birth defect: “Environmental” “Hereditary” “Both” Blog should describe the following: Description Causes Detection Treatment How it affects the person who has it

Reminders No plagiarism Not too wordy Need at least 3 references Good websites to use: www.kidshealth.org No plagiarism Not too wordy Need at least 3 references The Developing Child, Page ______ www._____________.com Third choice is your choice (can be another website or notes) Post 3 pictures to illustrate your birth defect Email me your final BLOG