The European Renaissance Part A The Economic Origins of the Italian Renaissance

1.What does the term Renaissance mean? Rebirth Or…”born again” 2. What does the term rebirth suggest? Something once lived Something once died Something became alive again

Renaissance Architecture in the 1400s: The Cathedral in Florence

3. In Europe, what was reborn? An understanding of ancient Greek and Roman (Classical) arts and learning 4. In terms of religion, what is significant about this rediscovery of Classical (Greek and Roman) arts and learning? In addition to Christianity, Renaissance Europeans were looking to Pagan (non-Christian) cultures for inspiration

Ancient Roman Structures still standing The Coliseum of Ancient RomeThe Pantheon of Ancient Rome

5. Where was the European Renaissance born? For the most part, in city-states on the Italian Peninsula Florence was one of the more notable Italian city- states 6. In Italian city-states, what type of economic environment became dominant? Commerce (Buying and selling)

Renaissance Innovation: The Rise of Modern Banking

7. What historical period prompted the growth of business in the Italian city-states? The Crusades (1096 A.D. to the Late-1200s) 8. What were the Crusades? A series of attempts by Medieval Catholics to retake the Holy Land for Christendom. By the 11 th Century A.D., Muslims controlled much of the Holy Land, i.e. the lands of Ancient Israel/Judea, the lands of Christ and the Apostles

The Crusades: 1096 A.D. to Late-1200s A.D.

9. How did the Crusades influence the development of commerce in Italy Christian crusaders came into contact with Middle Eastern and Asian goods such as spices and silks In short, Christian Europe developed new appetites for goods not previously experienced

Spices and International Trade

#9 continued… Christian Europe also learned better sailing and navigation techniques along with better mathematics, advances learned from Muslims As a result, the desire for goods from the Near East and Far East inspired the development of European merchants who could deliver such goods for profit

Sailing ships with triangular sails: Such vessels could sail into the wind

10. The growth of merchant trading also led to the development of what European business improvement? The growth of money as a medium of exchange The growth of modern banking The rise of double-entry bookkeeping and financial accounting

The Gold Florin (Gold coin from Florence)

11. How do banks prosper? By renting out money for a fee (interest) 12. Prior to the mid-1800s, was Italy a unified nation-state? No…Italy was a place, not a nation

Map of Italian Peninsula, c. 1494

13. What were three important Italian city-states during the Renaissance? Milan Venice Florence 14. What was another reason why Renaissance Italians were interested in ancient Roman culture? Roman ruins (old buildings, outdoor theatres, pillars, ancient roads, etc.) were all over Italy

Ancient Roman Structure: Arch of Constantine

15. What merchant family became rulers of Florence, beginning in 1434? The Medici family, led first by Cosimo de Medici 16. Who was Cosimo de Medici’s grandson, a man who ruled Florence in the late 1400s and financed numerous art projects? Lorenzo the Magnificent

The Medici Family: Patrons of the Italian Renaissance Cosimo de MediciLorenzo de Medici

17. Who was Girolamo Savonarola? A Dominican monk who preached against the “worldliness” of Florence He preached against Church corruption At one point he presided over a “bonfire of the vanities,” a burning of unapproved writings and art He drove out the Medici but he was later accused of heresy and put to death The Medici returned to power

18. What were the Italian Wars of the late 1400s and early 1500s? A series of wars between France and Spain for control of the Italian peninsula 19. In 1527, what did Spanish troops do to Rome, the capital of Catholic Christianity? They sacked Rome

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V: Reigned

20. What did Niccolo Machiavelli argue in The Prince? In order for a prince to maintain power it is important to do what works, not what is right Machiavelli’s outlook was secular (this-worldly) and practical, not Christian and moral Machiavelli’s writings signal a shift to a worldview less concerned with Heaven and Hell, and more concerned with the here-and-now

Niccolo Machiavelli

21. Who were the movers-and-shakers of the European Renaissance? Nobles (Aristocrats who were born into an honored social position, and born into power) Bourgeoisie (a merchant class whose money brought power)

European Bourgeoisie and Nobility c. 1400s

22. What was an important Renaissance invention that began an information revolution? The Printing Press, a device invented by Johann Gutenberg in Germany in the 1450s The Gutenberg Bible was one of the first printed Bibles

The Gutenberg Bible