Maintaining a Balance Topic 4: Temperature Regulation and the Nervous System Biology in Focus, HSC Course Glenda Childrawi, Margaret Robson and Stephanie Hollis

DOT POINT Outline the role of the nervous system in detecting and responding to environmental changes.

Introduction Any change in the external environment could affect the balance in the internal environment of the organism and so a mechanism is needed to ensure homeostasis. The mechanisms that allows this to occur are based on a negative feedback system, co-ordinated by the nervous system. flickr.com

The Nervous System The function of the nervous system is co-ordination and this takes place in three steps: Detects information about an animals internal and external environments Transmits this information to a control centre (the brain) Processes the information and generates a response to ensure the maintenance of a relatively constant internal state. umm.edu

The Nervous System The structures of the nervous system involved in the stimulus- response pathway of coordination are: Receptors: sensory cells, sometimes in sense organs like the nose A control centre: the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord Effectors: the ‘things’ that respond to the message from the CNS (eg: muscles and glands) Nerves: pathways which link all the other parts, relaying messages from one part to another in the form or electrochemical nerve impulses conservapedia.com

The Nervous System A stimulus is detected by a receptor, a message is carried by nerves to a control centre and a response is triggered. For example, if you touch a hot stove with your finger, receptors in your skin detect the heat and pain, and the result is that you withdraw your hand rapidly. onecraftymother.com

The Nervous System This rapid reaction requires a link between the receptors that detect the stimulus and the effectors, the muscles that carry out a response. The co-ordination is carried out by the nerves and the CNS of the body. The response usually counteracts the stimulus (change), reducing its effect so that a balance is maintained. This is a negative feedback system. catalog.flatworldknowledge.com

Detecting Change Sensory cells called receptors detect stimuli (changes in the internal or external environment). In their most simple form, receptors consist of single cells, scattered over the body of an organism. In their more complex form, they are concentrated in particular areas to form sense organs. natcom.org

Detecting Change In many animals, receptors in sense organs detect stimuli in the external environment. However there are also receptors that are sensitive to internal stimuli within the body. These are called interoreceptors and are important in detecting changes such as pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure and the chemical composition of blood related to homeostasis. ayearfromoakcottage.org

Detecting Change Receptors may be named according to the type of energy or molecules they detect. Those receptors important in our study of homeostasis are thermoreceptors and chemoreceptors. Thermoreceptors: detect changes in temperature Chemoreceptors: detect the concentration of certain chemicals inside the body in the blood (eg: carbon dioxide) doctorhugo.org

Co-ordination The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves, which carry information to and from the CNS. indiana.edu

Co-ordination The information carried by nerves is ‘messages’ transmitted in the form of electrochemical impulses. Incoming information passes from sensory receptors via sensory nerves to the CNS, which in turn transmits outgoing information to effector organs via motor nerves. conservapedia.com

Co-ordination The role of the CNS is to process incoming information, analyse it and then initiate an appropriate response. Within the CNS, information is processed and analysed by a number of interconnecting nerve cells (neurons) and then a message is generated and transmitted, stimulating the effector organs. health.allrefer.com

Co-ordination Some actions involving the nervous system may take place voluntarily, but all those involved in homeostasis take place without any conscious thought. They are involuntary and many are inborn, unconditioned reflexed in response to a particular stimulus. slavicabogdanov.com

Responding A response is a reaction in an organism or its tissues, as a result of receiving a stimulus. It is carried out by structures in the body known as effector organs. These are often muscles and/or glands. The response reaches the effectors from the CNS and causes the body to correct any deviation from the normal balanced state, thereby maintaining homeostasis. articlesandbooks.com

Thermoregulation Temperature is extremely important in maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. It’s the role of the nervous system to regulate body temperature. This is called thermoregulation. The body gains heat in many ways. For example: Normal cell function (metabolism) generates heat Muscle contractions: a large proportion of the energy needed for any muscle activity is converted into heat during muscle functioning (this is why we get hot when we exercise) Hot food and drinks Heat (radiant energy)

Thermoregulation The body also loses heat in many ways. For example: Radiation of heat from the body to cooler surroundings Convection: air currents remove warm air surrounding the body and replace it with cool air. Evaporation: when liquid droplets on the body surface evaporate. Heat is required to change the liquid to gas. Heat from the body is used to do this, and as a result cools the internal environment. conservapedia.com

Thermoregulation Thermoreceptors are present both outside and inside the body. Peripheral receptors are located in the skin and central receptors monitor the temperatures of the blood as is circulates throughout the brain. kidport.com

Thermoregulation The central receptors are present in the hypothalamus of the brain and are sensitive to extremely small temperature changes (a fraction of a degree). Its also the control centre for temperature regulation in the mammalian body so the receptors don’t have to transmit the information very far to elicit a response. mayoclinic.com

Thermoregulation The anterior hypothalamus has a heat-loss centre, which sends messages to effectors t cool the body down. The posterior hypothalamus has a heat-gain centre, which initiates responses that help the body warm up. siemenslab.de

Thermoregulation The main homeostatic organ involved in temperature regulation in humans is the skin. If the body becomes to cold, the heat-gain centre of the hypothalamus stimulates responses in the effector organs to generate and/or retain heat within the body. On a cold day we get goose bumps on our skin, become pale and shiver. bonjourbaby.com.au

Thermoregulation Raised hairs on the body (goose bumps) are an attempt to trap a layer of warm air around the body to reduce the amount of heat lost by radiation, convection and conduction. The hypothalamus stimulates the erector muscles in the skin to contract, raising the hairs. This is more effective at trapping heat where the hair is thicker, for example on our heads. supertightstuff.com

Thermoregulation Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the arterioles to the skin. People who are very cold tend to appear pale-faced, with blue- tinged lips, fingers and toes due to ‘poor circulation’. This restricts blood flow to the skin and prevents heat carried by the blood throughout the body to be lost from the body's surface. women.webmd.com

Thermoregulation Shivering is brought about by rapid small muscle contractions, which generate heat in the body. The body can also speed up metabolism which generates some heat. conservapedia.com

Thermoregulation If the body becomes too hot, we become red, sweaty and sluggish. These are signs that our heat-loss mechanism has been activated to cool the body. The heat-loss centre of the hypothalamus stimulates the effector organs to lose heat. findavet.us

Thermoregulation Vasodilation: dilation (expansion) of the arterioles to the skin. Blood carrying heat is directed towards the surface of the body so that heat can be lost by conduction, convection and radiation to the surroundings. fitsugar.com

Thermoregulation Sweating: Sweat glands, the main heat-loss structures in the body, are activated by the heat loss centre in the hypothalamus. Liquid sweat is secreted through the sweat pores onto the surface of the skin and heat is removed from the body to evaporate the liquid. sweatblock.com

Thermoregulation Animals that do not have sweat glands still lose heat by evaporation. For example, dogs pant, rodents and kangaroos lick their bodies so that the saliva evaporates and cools them down. Plants also cool themselves this way, its called transpiration. use.com critterconsulting.com

Thermoregulation And finally, decreased metabolism can reduce heat. The heat-loss centre causes the thyroid gland to lower the rate of metabolism, generating less heat. This is why we feel tired and lethargic on hot days. hivehealthmedia.com

Activity -Students are to complete DOT Point 1.7 and 1.8