Rome and the Rise of Christianity 750 B.C. – A.D. 500

Italy http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world_maps/world_pol495.jpg

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The Rise of Rome Italy is a peninsula Apennine Mountains and the Tiber River Rome built in central location Latins moved in around 1500 – 1000 B.C.

Etruscans Advanced civilization in Northern Italy Lived in Etruria No written records, but they were advanced Women were very important to them

750BC Italy

The Rise of Rome Influenced by the Greeks Etruscans influenced Rome’s development the most Influenced writing, religion, art, etc

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Founding the City 753BC- traditional date as founding of Rome Initially ruled by monarchy Mythical story of Remus and Romulus

Monarchies 7 kings of Rome- 753-509BCE Tarquin the Proud (Tarquinius Superbus)- last King of Rome Tyrannical, evil ruler who was exiled Rape of Lucretia Revolution by Brutus (son) and Collatinus

Rape of Lucretia http://www.historywiz.com/tarquin.htm

Revolt In 509, Romans overthrew the Etruscan king and developed a republic Republic – a form of government where the people are represented by another person. May be chosen by the people or appointed "res publica" - a public thing for the people

The Roman Republic Two consuls chosen every year Roman Senate First two were Brutus and Collatinus Roman Senate 300 patricians who served for life Tribal Assembly Council of plebeians was created to create political equality

Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Senate and People of Rome S.P.Q.R Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Senate and People of Rome

Roman Law Twelve Tables Led the way for Law of Nations Adopted in 450BC Provide political and social rights for Plebs Later became inadequate Led the way for Law of Nations

The Roman Republic Rome expanded their empire Allowed conquered areas to remain free Good diplomats Excelled in military affairs

First Punic War Carthage was founded by Phoenicians (punicus) around 800 B.C. Carthage and Rome wanted Sicily War broke out in 264 B.C. Romans built large naval fleet to win

Carthage

Second Punic War Hannibal – greatest Carthaginian general Bring the War to Rome- didn’t really work Scipio, of Rome, then attacked Carthage- success!! By 129 Rome controlled Macedonia, Greece, and Pergamum

Hannibal

Second Punic War

Assignment Using your computers, notes, books, encyclopedias, etc, write an alternate ending to the Punic Wars. What if Hannibal had been successful and conquered Rome? What would be different? What would we have? What wouldn’t we have? To do this, you will need to research what they wanted, how they lived, government, etc. Write a one page story, and be creative!

Chief Phoenician colony Founded in 813BC Rapid growth in fame and wealth Inhabited by Queen Tyre and aristocrats Battle Greeks for Sicily in 480

Roman Expansion Led to separation of social classes Need for a permanent army Call for Reform Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus urged for land reform Each killed for the way the ruled As the Republic grew more unstable, generals began seizing power for themselves

Rise of the Armies Gaius Marius vs. Lucius Sulla Both Consuls of Rome by different measures Marius by election from Plebs Sulla by appointment from Senate

Marius Sulla

Uses army to capture and kill enemies in Rome Marius Free Roman Army- pledge allegiance to him, not S.P.Q.R. Uses military to conquer other lands- elects proconsul to rule in his place Sulla Uses army to capture and kill enemies in Rome Takes over as dictator with the military

A Nation in Trouble Rome is no longer a nation of laws, but becoming a nation of men Generals building up armies Loyalty to men, not loyalty to the state We are seeing the beginnings of an Empire

The First Triumvirate Triumvirate – govt. by three people with equal power After 50 years of civil war, three men gained power Crassus- Richest man in Rome Pompey – military hero from Spain Julius Caesar- military commander

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar leads army in Gaul in Great Campaign Pompey tries to bring Caesar home without his army Caesar responds by bringing loyal army home into Rome Pompey flees and Caesar made Consul for Life – Dictator- 47BC

Caesar’s Rome Senate planned/ Assassinated Caesar Absolute Ruler Reforms Granted Roman citizenship to provinces Land Reforms Increased pay for his soldiers Senate planned/ Assassinated Caesar March 15, 44 BC – Beware the Ides of March – Shakespeare

Beware the Ides of March- 44BC

Second Triumvirate New leaders emerge Octavian- 18yrs old, grandnephew of Caesar Marc Antony- Experienced Military Leader Lepidus- Powerful politician Fight between Octavian and Antony Antony and Cleopatra were defeated at Actium, Greece in 31BC Period from 31 B.C. – 14 A.D. – Age of Augustus

Octavian

Age of Augustus Augustus – the Sacred one Senate gave Augustus imperium for life- complete rule Wanted to fix Rome, finish what Caesar Started Expands empire Roads to provinces, beautifies Rome

Ever expanding empire, but defeat to barbarians in Germany helped realize that Rome was not invincible Period after death of Augustus is called the Early Empire

The Early Empire New political system Allowed the emperor to select successor Augustus chooses family Gaius Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero Slowly took control of everything After Nero, Rome realized they needed to change the system

Nero

The Good Emperors Beginning with the 2nd century, there were five “good” emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius Led Pax Romana Time of peace and prosperity Senate’s power declined Taken by Emperors

The Good Emperors Trajan Marcus Aurelius

Hadrian Wall built to protect N. border of Britain

Roman Empire Empire continued to expand until it was too big to defend In 212 citizenship was given to every free person in the empire Latin in the West, Greek in East Create Greco-Roman world Economy boomed- farming, trade, commerce, slave labor

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Roman Empire Romans adopted Greek art Excelled in architecture- many building projects Literature was at its height during the Age of Augustus Family was at the heart of Roman life

Roman Architecture

Roman Architecture

Slave revolts Spartacus Gladiator Led Slave revolt 70,000 followers Captured and killed 6000 followers were crucified

Roman Empire Rome was a true capital city with close to a million residents Overcrowded and noisy Insulae – apartment blocks, up to six stories high Entertainment Gladiators, Circus Maximus, Dramas

Insulae

Roman Baths

Roman Baths

Roman Religion Romans were tolerant of other religions Officially a polytheistic state Some emperors were officially made gods Romans were tolerant of other religions Eastern religions began to threaten Rome

Roman Religion Kingdom of Judea became a Roman province, but still followed own laws/ religion Revolt in 66 BC http://www.livius.org/a/1/maps/israel3_map.gif

http://patdollard. s3. amazonaws. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Jesus http://patdollard.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Jesus.jpg Rise of Jesus- teachings led to Christianity; Jewish man, stirred controversy

Issues w/ Christianity At first, Christians were persecuted and thought to be a threat to the Roman society Many were killed regularly Christianity gained popularity and by 3rd century, Christianity was widespread

Rise of Christianity Why did it grow so fast? Personal religion with a meaning to life Familiar Fulfilled human need to belong In the 4th century, Constantine became the first Christian emperor Edict of Milan- Constantine Adopted as official religion in 378 under Theodosius the Great

http://upload. wikimedia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Constantine's_conversion.jpg

After Pax Romana Period of instability after the Five Good Emperors: 3rd century A.D. Plague , invasions bombarded empire Economic hardships Decline in trade and small industry

Late Roman Empire Diocletian- 284- 305 Constantine New governmental structure, economy and religion Divided kingdom into 4 units for control Constantine Built a new capital at Constantinople- East Enlarged Army and civil service w/ reform Inflation used to pay off

Diocletian Constantine

Decline of Rome Rome became split into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires Inflation rapid increase in prices

Decline of Rome Pressure from the Huns and the Visigoths In 476 Romulus Augustus out as the Germanic head of state, ending the Western Roman Empire

Why Rome Failed????? Emphasis on Christianity weakened the military Traditional values declined as non-Italians gained prominence Lead in the water led to a mental decline Plague Failed to advance technologically due to slavery No workable political system

Pompeii What happened? What can we learn? What was pompeii like? Pictures. Pictures. Pictures. Internet site?