The History of Health Care INTRODUCTION: The History of Health Care

Early Beginnings Early humans were ________________ Survival depended on protecting against predators & finding food They were superstitious and believed illness/diseases was caused by _______ Tribal doctors would attempt to heal through ________________ ___was used to expel demons from the head Primitive, evil spirits, exorcism, trephoning

Early Beginnings Some used ___and ___ as medicine, the following are still used today Digitalis Quinine Belladonna Morphine Medications today are given via many routes, such as ___ Back then, they were predominately ___ ___ and/or ___ onto the skin Herbs, plants, intravenously, chewed, swallowed, rubbed

DIGITALIS FOXGLOVE PLANT Digitalis (foxglove plant)- used for arrhythmias and to decrease heartrate FOXGLOVE PLANT

Quinine plant- quinine was used to treat malaria; used for leg cramps/spasms

ATROPINE BELLADONNA

MORPHINE POPPY PLANT

The Egyptians

Medicine in Ancient Times: the Egyptians earliest people to keep ___ They were ___ -called upon gods for healing Identified certain diseases ___ acted as physicians Used ___ for healing Splinted ___ Treated disorders by ___ & ___ Accurate records, superstitious, priests, medicine, fractures, bloodletting, leaches

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Medicine in Ancient Times: the Chinese Were the first to use primitive ___(as early as the Stone Age) Treated illness/disease with ___ tools Acupuncture, stone

Medicine in Ancient Time: the Greeks Medicine was an ___ and a profession First to study the ___ of illness and determine it was ___ and not spiritual They kept ___ on what they observe and what they thought caused the illness The knew importance of ___ Developed the use of ___ and herbal therapies Art, cause, natural, records, research, massage

Medicine in Ancient Time: the Greeks

Medicine in Ancient Time: the Greeks

Medicine in Ancient Times: the Greeks Religious customs didn’t allow for ___ ___ the father of medicine, 469-377BC) based his knowledge of ___ and ___ on observation of the ___ body Dissection, Hippocrates, anatomy and physiology, external, Hippocratic Oath

Medicine in Ancient Times: the Greeks He kept note of signs and symptoms of many diseases and noted disease wasn’t from supernatural forces Wrote the standard of ethics called the _________________________

Medicine in Ancient Times: the Romans Sewers, filtering, hospitals, government First to develop a sanitation system Developed aqueducts, ___, and public baths with ___ systems

Medicine in Ancient Times: the Romans First to organize medical care Developed ___; roman physicians kept a room for the ill in their homes Physicians were paid by the ___ Wore spice beaks Medicine in Ancient Times: the Romans

the Dark Ages (AD 400-800) & the Middle Ages (AD 800-1400) Medicine was stopped for nearly 1000 years d/t the Roman Empire being conquered by nomads Monasteries, convents, prayer, epidemics, vaccines Medicine was only practiced in ___ and ___ Care was custodial and treatment attempt was ___

the Dark Ages (AD 400-800) & the Middle Ages (AD 800-1400) Millions of deaths at this time were a result of ___ (Bubonic/Black Plague) the Dark Ages (AD 400-800) & the Middle Ages (AD 800-1400) We now have ___ to prevent the diseases once the blame for the epidemics

The Renaissance (AD1350-1650) The rebirth of ___ Universities and meds schools for research Didn’t accept disease as the will of God- sought further explanations The Renaissance (AD1350-1650) Learning, dissection, printing press

___ developed allowing for books to be published- accessible knowledge The Renaissance ___ developed allowing for books to be published- accessible knowledge ___ was accepted

The 16th and 17th Century ___ studied and recorded anatomy of the human body (artist- Vitruvian Man) Leonardo de Vinci, fallopian tubes, Eustachian tube, microscope, ORAL

The 16th and 17th Century Gabriele Fallopius discovered the ___

The 16th and 17th Century Bartolommeo Eustachio Discovered the ___; (connects the ear to throat)

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented the ___ (first discovered ___ bacteria) The 16th and 17th Century

The 16th and 17th Century Apothecaries* started

Classroom, labs, and observation at the ___. The 18th Century Classroom, labs, and observation at the ___. Bedside, autopsy, Elizabeth Blackwell, stethoscope, respiration, Benjamin Franklin, small pox, preventative

The 18th Century Students performed ____.

The 18th Century First female physician ___.

The 18th Century The first ___was invented by Rene Laennec

O2 was discovered and it was found that ___ required it. The 18th Century

The 18th Century ___ created bifocals and discovered cold transmission. "People often catch cold from one another when shut up together in small close rooms, coaches, &c. and when sitting near and conversing so as to breathe in each other's transpiration."

The 18th Century Edward Jenner discovered the method of vaccination for small pox; the idea of ___ public health followed.

19th and 20th Century ___ and cleanliness became accepted Handwashing, Louis Pasteur, pasteurization, Joseph Lister, antiseptics, asepsis

19th and 20th Century ___ ( “Father of Microbiology) discovered tiny microorganisms were everywhere and caused disease. He also discovered ___ and created a vaccine for rabies in 1885.

19th and 20th Century ___ used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs; first to use ___ in surgery ___ was developed

19th and 20th Century Robert Koch, TB (tuberculosis), xrays, anesthesia, viruses ___ developed the culture plate method and isolated the bacterium causing ___

19th and 20th Century ___ were discovered (allowed us to see internal structures using radiography)

19th and 20th Century ___ was discovered by using nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform

19th and 20th Century Dmitri Ivanovski discovered diseases that couldn’t be seen with the modern microscope (___)

19th and 20th Century Sigmund Freud discovered the conscious and unconscious and the effects on the body (psychosomatic illness); ___ and ___ evolved PCN, double helix

19th and 20th Century ___ was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming

19th and 20th Century Discovery of the dead polio vaccine and later the live polio vaccine (>effective)

19th and 20th Century discovered the molecular structure of DNA based on the ___, replication of DNA, and hereditary info encoded (Nobel Prize 1962) Francis Crick and James Watson

19th and 20th Century Healthy now = physical, mental social, emotional and spiritual health (___) Holistic, pt/cgv, noninvasive, geriatric

19th and 20th Century Alternative Medicine Holistic, pt/cgv, noninvasive, geriatric Alternative Medicine

19th and 20th Century Telemedicine Outpatient/Ambulatory Care Facilities Home Care Holistic, pt/cgv, noninvasive, geriatric involvement in patient care skills

___ technique for diagnosis/treatment 19th and 20th Century Holistic, pt/cgv, noninvasive, geriatric

Rising number of ___ patients needing new kinds of healthcare professionals d/t life prolonging technology Holistic, pt/cgv, noninvasive, geriatric 19th and 20th Century

The Advancements of Nursing _________________________opened the Nightingale School of Nursing in 1860 which raised the standards of nursing and made the profession respectable Florence Nightingale, American Red Cross, Lillian Wald

The Advancements of Nursing ______________ was established by Clara Barton in 1881 (after she developed the Treaty of Geneva which produced relief for sick and wounded soldiers)

The Advancements of Nursing (1867-1940) established Henry Street Settlement which brought nursing care into the homes of the poor

Patient Care Today CNA TELE TECH There are now many positions and job titles associated with the care of the patient EKG TECH PHLEBOTOMIST

What’s New New vaccinations to prevent childhood diseases that were prevalent not long ago (Varivax- for the Varicella virus or ___)

Now have vaccinations to prevent meningitis (Menactra) What’s New

Newest vaccinations that may prevent cancer (___) What’s New

A Look Back Overview of the Future Antibiotics for bacterial diseases Organ transplants Dentistry w/o pain Preventative med DM control w/ insulin discovery Mechanical tech (HD) HMOs Hospice Cure for AIDS Decrease in the cases of malaria, flu, etc Cure for genetically transferred diseases (SCD, MS, MD, Alzheimer’s) Isolation of the gene causing depression Improved technology to help the disabled