World Wildlife Fund Canada Electric Vehicle Survey September 2014

2 Research overview The objective of the research is to gather benchmark data about Canadians’ views towards electric vehicles. An online survey was conducted between September 17 and 20, 2014 with 1,002 adult Canadians (18 years+).* Tracking data are from a similar survey undertaken from September 11 to 15, Quotas were assigned to ensure the sample’s regional, age and gender composition reflects that of the actual population according to the most recently available Census information. * As online panels are not random probability samples, margins of sampling error cannot be cited.

3 Executive summary While first-hand experience with electric vehicles is slowly growing, only a minority of Canadians have had any experience to date. Most Canadians continue to feel that EVs will eventually become a viable alternative to conventional vehicles, once infrastructure and technology issues are resolved. Canadians still feel that purchase price and distance on a charge are top barriers to EV adoption. Nine in ten believe there are very few public charging locations, and notable proportions continue to express some level of “range anxiety” (concern about running out of power, or about the time required for battery charging). Although there is still widespread support for government actions to encourage EV adoption, and agreement that vehicle emissions are a major factor, about half still doubt that there will ever be enough on the road to significantly combat climate change. It is still generally felt that EVs are a good solution for urban drivers and the majority agree at least somewhat that EVs will save money in the long run because electricity is cheaper than gasoline. Six in ten would like to rent one. However, seven in ten think it at least might be true that ECs are not practical for the average person because of the time required to charge.

Opinions about electric vehicles

5 Q1. Which, if any, of the following sustainable transportation options do you use on a regular basis to get to work, school or appointments? Sustainable transportation options regularly used Few Canadians report using electric or hybrid vehicles on a regular basis Canadians are more likely than in 2012 to report that they use some form of sustainable transportation method on a regular basis, with walking and public transit continuing to be the most used options. However, as in 2012, only small proportions report using hybrid (6%) or plug-in electric (2%) vehicles. As in 2012, use of several sustainable transportation options – including walking, transit, biking and carpooling – is higher among Canadians aged 18 to 29 and decreases with age. Those aged 60 and over are the most likely to say they do not use any of these options on a regular basis. University graduates are the most likely to use at least one sustainable option. Use of public transit is higher in Ontario (44%) than elsewhere. Men continue to bike more than women; otherwise, there are no differences in reported transit use in this wave by gender. Those who, later in the survey, agree that vehicle emissions are a major contributor to climate change, and those who think that use of EVs would reduce a household’s impact on the environment quite a lot or a great deal, are more likely than others to report using public transit.

6 Q2. What is your experience with electric cars? By electric cars, we mean ones that plug in to electric outlets, not hybrids with a gas engine that can also charge a battery. Experience with electric cars Canadians remain most likely to have had only second-hand experience with electric vehicles, if any As in 2012, close to half of Canadians report having no experience with plug-in electric vehicles and, among those with experience, it is most likely to be second-hand, in the form of reading articles, seeing commercials or just seeing the vehicles themselves at a dealership or on the road. Twelve percent report having ridden in one (up 5 percentage points), and eight percent say they have driven one. Slightly fewer report noticing commercials or other media about EVs than in There are no notable regional differences in this wave, but there are some demographic impacts. Reporting experience with EVs is linked to higher levels of education and income; men are more likely than women to report seeing mentions of EVs online or in the media. Having any experience with EVs is higher among younger Canadians (under age 45). Having had no EV experience continues to increase along with age, and is highest among those aged 60 and over. Having any EV experience is linked to agreeing that vehicle emissions have an major impact on climate change; seeing media mentions is higher among those who feel that switching to an EV would result in a notable reduction of a household’s impact on the environment.

7 A majority of Canadians still think EVs are not yet a viable alternate to conventional vehicles, but more are convinced this is imminent When will electric vehicles be a viable alternative? Q4. When do you think electric vehicles will be a viable alternative to conventional vehicles? A majority of Canadians think that EVs are not yet a viable alternative to conventional vehicles, but a higher proportion than in 2012 think this is coming soon. Close to two in ten think they are already viable; one in ten are not sure when, or if, they will be ready. Saying that EVs are already viable alternative ranges from a low of 13 percent in Alberta to a high of 21 percent in Quebec; Ontarians are the most likely to say this is coming very soon (29%). That EVs are ready now or will be very soon is the opinion of somewhat higher proportions of younger Canadians and men; women are more likely than men to not be sure. Thinking that EVs will require more time is highest among those aged 60 and over. Saying they will never be viable is a minority view in all groups, but is somewhat higher among those who think EVs would have a low or no impact on a household’s environmental footprint, and those who disagree that vehicle emissions are a major source of climate change in Canada.

8 Q5. Which of the following do you think is the biggest barrier to more people switching to electric vehicles …? Biggest barrier to electric vehicle adoption Purchase price and range on a charge continue to be the main barriers to wider adoption of EVs When asked to indicate which of a number of potential drawbacks they consider to be the biggest barrier to more people switching to electric vehicles, Canadians continue to be most likely to point to the purchase price and how far they can travel on a charge. Just under two in ten indicate the lack of charging stations. Other considerations, including time to charge the battery, are thought to be major barriers by fewer people. As in 2012, under one in ten people point to the electricity cost for charging the battery, which is higher than the proportions who think the major obstacle is the either power or the size of EVs, or the time it takes to charge the battery. As in 2012, purchase price as the biggest barrier is the top response across most subgroups, but is highest among Quebecers (43%), and those who have positive views about EV impact on the environment (i.e., those who agree that vehicle emissions are a major source of climate change and those who believe EVs would have a considerable impact on a household’s environmental footprint). Concern about distance that can be driven on a charge is now similar by region, but continues to be higher among men than women, and in 2014 the proportion mentioning range increases as age increases. Electricity cost is mentioned most in Ontario.

9 Q8. b, c, g How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements …? Majorities of Canadians continue to agree that EVs are a good option for urban drivers, that they would like to rent an EV, and that they would feel more positively about companies using EVs Overall agreement (strongly/somewhat) with positive statements about electric vehicles Majorities of Canadians remain in agreement with three positive statements about EVs. As in 2012, agreement is highest (87% at least somewhat) for the statement “Electric vehicles are a good option for people who do most of their driving in towns or cities,” while six in ten agree that they would feel more positively about a company that uses EVs, and that they would be interested renting one if the opportunity arose.

10 Q8. b, c, g How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements …? Canadians are more likely to strongly agree that EVs are a good option for urban drivers Level of agreement with positive statements about electric vehicles Agreement with positive statements about EVs is higher among university graduates and younger Canadians (age 18 to 29). Agreement is also higher among those who feel EVs will have a higher impact on a household’s carbon footprint, and those who agree that emissions are a major contributing factor to climate change. Agreement for the statement “Electric vehicles are a good option for people who do most of their driving in towns or cities” is now quite consistent across the country; however, positive feelings about a company with EVs in their fleet are somewhat higher in Quebec (69%) and the Atlantic region (68%) than elsewhere, and residents of these regions are also the most likely to agree they would be very interested in renting an EV. Being very interested in renting an EV is also higher among men (65%).

11 Q8. e, f How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements …? Around four in ten Canadians continue to have negative impressions of EVs due to size perception and range anxiety Overall agreement (strongly/somewhat) with negative statements about electric vehicles Canadians remain more divided about two negative statements about EVs. Around four in ten Canadians agree at least somewhat that they are not interested in EVs because they are only available in small models (half disagree) or that they would be afraid of being stranded in one (and 47% disagree). This is similar to 2012.

12 Q8. e, f How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements …? Canadians are divided about whether EVs would suit them, due to size impressions and range anxiety Level of agreement with negative statements about electric vehicles Agreement with negative statements about EVs are generally similar across the country and most population subgroups, with some exceptions. Agreement with both statements is higher among people with less positive views about EV impact on the environment (i.e., those who disagree that vehicle emissions are a major source of climate change, and those who believe EVs would have a minor or no impact on a household’s environmental footprint). Agreeing that they would never drive an EV due to range anxiety is higher among women (45% vs. 38%), and those with a high school diploma or less education (48%); agreement is lowest in Quebec (29% vs. 44% to 55% elsewhere).

13 Q6. a, d For each statement below, please indicate if you think it is definitely true, might be true, might be false or is definitely false … Canadians are still not definitely convinced that EVs will save money or that they can be plugged in to a normal outlet Extent to which positive statements about electric cars are definitely true Canadians were shown a series of statements about EVs and asked to indicate the extent to which they think they are true or false. While majorities think these statements at least might be true, only minorities feel it is definitely true that plug-in EVs save money in the long run, or that they can be plugged in to a regular household outlet.

14 Q6. a, d For each statement below, please indicate if you think it is definitely true, might be true, might be false or is definitely false … Majorities of Canadians think it at least might be true that EVs will save money in the long run and can be plugged in at home Extent to which positive statements about electric cars are true or false That plug-in EVs save money in the long run is thought to definitely be true by higher proportions of Quebecers (43%) and those who have positive views about EV impact on the environment (i.e., those who agree that vehicle emissions are a major source of climate change – 37%, and those who believe EVs would have a considerable impact on a household’s environmental footprint – 44%). Saying it is definitely true that EVs can be plugged into a regular household outlet is consistent across the country and most subgroups in this wave, but is higher among men (19% vs. 10% of women).

15 Q6. b, c For each statement below, please indicate if you think it is definitely true, might be true, might be false or is definitely false … Canadians still think it is true that there are few public places to charge EVs; many think it may be true EVs are not practical due to the required recharging time Extent to which negative statements about electric cars are definitely true Majorities of Canadians continue to think that each of two negative aspects of EVs either may be or definitely are true. Just over half (down 6 percentage points from 2012) say it is definitely true that there are very few public places where EVs can be charged; just under two in ten (up 4 points) say it is definitely true (and just over half – 53% – say it might be true) that EVs are not practical for the average person because they take a longer time to charge. These results continue to indicate the extent to which public range anxiety perceptions are barriers to EV adoption.

16 Q6. b, c For each statement below, please indicate if you think it is definitely true, might be true, might be false or is definitely false … Charging locations and length of time to recharge continue to be concerns for notable proportions of Canadians Extent to which negative statements about electric cars are true or false Saying it is definitely true that there are very few public places to charge an EV is the majority view across most subgroups, but is highest in the Atlantic region (69%), and those age 60 and over (60%). As in 2012, Quebecers (25%) are the most likely to say it is definitely true that EVs are not practical for the average person because it takes a very long time to fully charge the batteries.

17 Two in ten Canadians express views that indicate they have heightened EV range anxiety Range anxiety An informal variable was created to identify Canadians with heightened “range anxiety.” A person was deemed to have “higher” range anxiety if they met two criteria: 1)They chose as the biggest barrier to EV adoption any of: the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a charge; how long it takes to charge the battery; or lack of availability of charging stations AND 2)They also strongly or somewhat agreed with the statement “I would never drive an electric vehicle because I would be afraid it would run out of power and I’d be stranded.” By this definition, 19 percent of Canadians fall into the category of having higher range anxiety, a similar proportion to As before, there are few notable demographic differences in those with heightened range anxiety and those with less (other than a lower proportion live in Quebec). However, as in 2012, they continue to have notably different attitudes about several key issues. Those with heighted range anxiety are: Less likely than others to use a sustainable transportation method for regular trips, and more likely to disagree that vehicle emissions are a major source for climate change. Less likely than others to report any experience with plug-in EVs. More likely to think EVs will never be a viable alternative to conventional vehicles, or to think they are not practical for the average person due to the time required to charge. Less likely to be interested in renting an EV or to feel positively about companies that use them. More likely to agree that there will never be enough EVs to fight climate change; that EVs are not cleaner due to the emissions of electricity generation; or that they are not interested in EVs because they are small.

Perceptions of environmental impact of electric vehicles

19 As in 2012, three in ten Canadians say switching to an EV would have a moderate impact on a household’s environmental footprint How much could a switch to an EV reduce the average household’s impact on the environment? Q3. From what you have heard, how much could an average household reduce its impact on the environment by switching from a conventional vehicle to an electric vehicle? Canadians were asked to indicate how much they think an average household could reduce its impact on the environment by switching from a conventional vehicle to an EV (the percentage ranges were included with each category, as examples). As in 2012, three in ten think switching to an EV would make a moderate reduction, and very few think there would be no impact. There has, however, been a modest increase in the proportion who think that doing this would reduce impact by at least 50 percent (24%, up from 19%). Three in ten remain unsure. As in 2012, the proportions indicating the extremes – that there would be little impact or a lot of impact – are generally similar across subgroups. Differences are mainly between saying there would be a moderate impact and not being able to say – suggesting that the moderate category may be being selected by some in preference to saying “not sure” (this happens in other surveys with questions using a scale with a mid-point). Saying that switching would make a moderate or a great deal of environmental sense remains highest among those who agree that vehicle emissions area major factor in on climate change. Younger Canadians (age 18 to 29) are more likely than their older counterparts to think that the switch to an EV would make quite a lot of impact.

20 Canadians continue to agree that vehicle emissions are a major climate change source, but EVs may be too marginal to be the solution Agreement (strongly/somewhat) with statements about electric vehicles and the environment Q8. a, d, h How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements …? As in 2012, seven in ten Canadians agree to some extent with the statement that “Vehicle emissions in Canada are a major source for climate change” and three in ten strongly agree. Close to half (46%, no change) agree that “There will never be enough EVs in use to really do anything about climate change;” one-third (down 7 points) agree that “EVs aren’t cleaner because creating the electricity to power them creates emissions.”

21 Although the majority agree that vehicle emissions are a major climate change source, few currently see EVs as a major solution Agreement with statements about electric vehicles and the environment Q8. a, d, h How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements …? Overall agreement that vehicle emissions are a major source of climate change is similarly high across the country and most demographic subgroups, but is somewhat higher in Quebec (74%) and the Atlantic region (77%) than in B.C. (63%), and is highest among those age 18 to 29 (77%), and those who believe that switching to an EV would have a major impact on reducing a household’s environmental footprint (84%). Agreement that there will never be enough EVs on the road to make an impact on climate change is similar across most subgroups in 2014, but somewhat higher among women (49% vs. 42% among men), and among those with high school or less education (50%). Agreement with the two negative statements is highest among those who think switching to an EV would have little or no environmental impact.

Support for government action on electric vehicles

23 Support for government actions to encourage changing to electric vehicles The majority of Canadians continue to support government actions to encourage EV take-up Q7. Below are several possible actions that governments could take to encourage changing to electric vehicles, to reduce transportation emissions. Which actions, if any, would you support …? Canadians were asked to indicate which of a list of possible government actions to encourage uptake of EVs they would support. Over three-quarters would support at least one of two incentives for individuals, while two-thirds would support at least one of two business incentives. Six in ten would also support the government offering rebates on installing public charging stations, and four in ten would support communications or demonstrations to show the advantages of EVs. Results are very comparable to Support for most of the incentives is highest among those with a university degree and among younger Canadians (under age 30). In this survey, support for all incentives is highest in the Atlantic region. Support for all incentives is linked to agreement that vehicle emissions are a major source of climate change, and to thinking that switching to an EV would have a medium or major impact on a household’s environmental footprint.

Appendix: Questionnaire

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