CHAPTER 14 The Campaign Process

Nomination Process Once a candidate declares his/her intention to run their focus is on winning the nomination of their __________ Once a candidate declares his/her intention to run their focus is on winning the nomination of their __________ A candidate needs to be mindful of not pandering to the ____________ in the party to win the nomination. A candidate needs to be mindful of not pandering to the ____________ in the party to win the nomination.

General Election Candidates have an incentive to move their positions on political issues to the _________________________. Candidates have an incentive to move their positions on political issues to the _________________________. The length of time between the nomination process and general election varies depending on the ____________. The length of time between the nomination process and general election varies depending on the ____________.

Campaign Staff Campaign manager-travels with the candidate and coordinates the _________ Campaign manager-travels with the candidate and coordinates the _________ Communications director-develops the overall media ______________ for the campaign Communications director-develops the overall media ______________ for the campaign Pollster- consultant who conducts public opinion ________________ Pollster- consultant who conducts public opinion ________________

Raising Money FECA (1974)- Federal Election Campaign Act: 1 st broad attempt at ______________ ______________ regulation. FECA (1974)- Federal Election Campaign Act: 1 st broad attempt at ______________ ______________ regulation. Established: Established: 1) disclosure requirements (hard $) 1) disclosure requirements (hard $) 2) Presidential Public Funding Program 2) Presidential Public Funding Program 3) Federal Election Commission (FEC)- agency that ____________ election laws 3) Federal Election Commission (FEC)- agency that ____________ election laws

CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain Feingold) (McCain Feingold) Banned _________________ directly to a candidate Banned _________________ directly to a candidate *unlimited amounts of money that can be given to a political party so long as that candidate is not named. Sharply ______________ independent expenditures- corporations, unions and other groups can ’ t advertise referring to a candidate by name 30 days before a primary and 60 days before a general election.

Citizens United v FEC (2010) Struck down the restrictions on independent expenditures as a violation of the ___________________ Struck down the restrictions on independent expenditures as a violation of the ___________________ This led to ________ spending in the 2010 election cycle by corporations and special interests. This led to ________ spending in the 2010 election cycle by corporations and special interests.

Money in Electoral Campaigns President gets money from private and public funds from ___________________ revenues during the nomination process. President gets money from private and public funds from ___________________ revenues during the nomination process. Congress gets _______________ money. Congress gets _______________ money. Federal restrictions: Federal restrictions: $___________ limit for individual contributions $___________ limit for individual contributions $5000 limit for PAC contribution $5000 limit for PAC contribution

Political Action Committees (PACS) PAC Requirements PAC Requirements 1) At least ______ voluntary members 1) At least ______ voluntary members 2) Give to at least 5 federal candidates 2) Give to at least 5 federal candidates 3) limited to $__________ per election per candidate. 3) limited to $__________ per election per candidate.

Buckley v Valeo (1976) The government cannot limit the amount of money candidates spend of _________ _________family’s resources. The government cannot limit the amount of money candidates spend of _________ _________family’s resources. This decision was based on a candidates 1 st Amendment right of ______________ This decision was based on a candidates 1 st Amendment right of ______________

WHY INCUMBENTS WIN? Name recognition Name recognition Constituent service Constituent service __________________________________ __________________________________ Assignments on committees that serve their constituents Assignments on committees that serve their constituents _____________________ _____________________ Take credit for anything positive that has happened. Blame Washington (or prez) for anything bad that has occurred. Take credit for anything positive that has happened. Blame Washington (or prez) for anything bad that has occurred. _______________________________ _______________________________

CAMPAIGNS Campaigns are extremely expensive. Campaigns are extremely expensive. Most campaigns are now concentrated on _______________________ Most campaigns are now concentrated on _______________________ Negative ads work, that ’ s why they use them. Negative ads work, that ’ s why they use them.

CAMPAIGNS Incumbents are rarely _____________ in a primary election. Incumbents are rarely _____________ in a primary election. A primary election is an election to nominate a candidate for office, has a ________________________________ A primary election is an election to nominate a candidate for office, has a ________________________________

Types of Primaries _________ primaries are most common, you must belong to a party to participate in primary. _________ primaries are most common, you must belong to a party to participate in primary. ____________ primaries allow any registered voter to participate. ____________ primaries allow any registered voter to participate.

Most important thing to campaign is __________________, most get known to be chosen. Most important thing to campaign is __________________, most get known to be chosen. Open seat is an election where there is _________________. Parties stay out of primary until a winner is chosen, then they put their support fully behind the nominee. Open seat is an election where there is _________________. Parties stay out of primary until a winner is chosen, then they put their support fully behind the nominee.

MIDTERM ELECTIONS Presidential races are much more ___________________ than House races, the winning margins are more narrow. Presidential races are much more ___________________ than House races, the winning margins are more narrow. Midterm Election is an election that occurs every ______________ in a non- presidential election year. Midterm Election is an election that occurs every ______________ in a non- presidential election year. Turnout much lower Turnout much lower All Congressmen up for reelection (435 seats) All Congressmen up for reelection (435 seats) 1/3 of Senators up for reelection 1/3 of Senators up for reelection President coattails not as great President coattails not as great

Congressional Breakdown Each state has _____ Senators Each state has _____ Senators House seats set at _________ House seats set at _________ Number per state determined by population Number per state determined by population Dispersion changes every 10 years with National Census. Dispersion changes every 10 years with National Census. ____________ has enjoyed the greatest jump in representation due to the last 2 counts. ____________ has enjoyed the greatest jump in representation due to the last 2 counts.

DRAWING DISTRICTS The _____________________ is responsible for redrawing the district lines if the census causes a state to gain or lose a seat in the House. The _____________________ is responsible for redrawing the district lines if the census causes a state to gain or lose a seat in the House. Gerrymandering – boundaries drawn to ____________ one party rather than another resulting in odd-shaped districts. This is unconstitutional. Gerrymandering – boundaries drawn to ____________ one party rather than another resulting in odd-shaped districts. This is unconstitutional. Malapportionment- districts are drawn w/ very different populations. Illegal. Baker v _________ (1962) Malapportionment- districts are drawn w/ very different populations. Illegal. Baker v _________ (1962)

Nominating a President 1 st Iowa ______________ – Party leaders meet to select candidate 1 st Iowa ______________ – Party leaders meet to select candidate Caucus may pick more ideological candidates. Caucus may pick more ideological candidates. 2 nd __________________Primary – Voters choose favorite candidate 2 nd __________________Primary – Voters choose favorite candidate Almost all states have primaries Almost all states have primaries

PARTY CONVENTION Party convention is where the candidate is officially nominated as presidential candidate for party. Party convention is where the candidate is officially nominated as presidential candidate for party. Every ___________ receive delegates to make it official. Every ___________ receive delegates to make it official. National chair- controls party convention. National chair- controls party convention. Each convention sets party _______________ for upcoming four years. Each convention sets party _______________ for upcoming four years.

Campaigns Campaign is dominated by __________. Campaign is dominated by __________. Debates really don ’ t make a difference unless a candidate really screws up. Debates really don ’ t make a difference unless a candidate really screws up. This is referred to as the ___________ This is referred to as the ___________ problem- President Ford problem- President Ford

Electoral College _________________ in each state – you receive more votes in a state, you win all the electoral votes for that state. _________________ in each state – you receive more votes in a state, you win all the electoral votes for that state. You need a majority of electoral votes to win the presidency. You need a majority of electoral votes to win the presidency. Total electoral votes is 538, but _____ would be the majority. Total electoral votes is 538, but _____ would be the majority. The electoral college vote makes the margin of victory seem larger than it really is. The electoral college vote makes the margin of victory seem larger than it really is.

No Electoral Winner 12 th Amendment – creates ___________ elections for the president and vice president. 12 th Amendment – creates ___________ elections for the president and vice president. If no candidate wins 270 votes If no candidate wins 270 votes Presidential race goes to House, __________ gets a vote, 26 votes wins. Presidential race goes to House, __________ gets a vote, 26 votes wins. Vice President races goes to Senate, each senator gets a vote, 51 votes wins. Vice President races goes to Senate, each senator gets a vote, 51 votes wins.

WHO WINS AND WHY The most recognized with the most money raised and is an incumbent wins. The most recognized with the most money raised and is an incumbent wins. _____________________ still #1 reason why you vote for someone. _____________________ still #1 reason why you vote for someone. Democrats have larger numbers, should win, but Republicans have ____________ Democrats have larger numbers, should win, but Republicans have ____________ ________________and get more independent voters.

WHO DECIDES ELECTIONS? Party ________ still #1 Party ________ still #1 Democrats have more registered voters Democrats have more registered voters Republicans have higher turnout. Republicans have higher turnout. GOP does better among independents GOP does better among independents People change parties when their _______ _______________. People change parties when their _______ _______________.

What decides elections? 1) strength of ____________. 1) strength of ____________. 2) popularity of candidate. 2) popularity of candidate. 3) party _____________ and ideology. 3) party _____________ and ideology. In Congressional campaigns: In Congressional campaigns: District lines and who is included and _______________ in the district. District lines and who is included and _______________ in the district.