©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Evolution of cooperation: Why make friends? Why be nice, making friends must have offered.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Public Goods & Reputation: Humans Recall Eusocial Insects: Altruism Inclusive Fitness Kin Selection Monogamous Queens Multiply-Mated Queens Lower r Kinship,

Advertisements

Theories and Concepts of Motivation

Scale of human cooperation an outlier in the animal kingdom Cooperative activities paradoxical: costly to the individual without yielding any direct benefits.

Chapter 8: The Evolution of Social Behavior What is social behavior? –Types of social interactions The Conundrum of Altruism Kin Selection or Inclusive.

Social Behaviors Animal Behavior 2011.

Human Nature and Economics. Good and Bad ● Write a list of 5 behaviors characteristic of a good person ● Write list of 5 behaviors characteristic of a.

EVOLUTION & ETHICS.  a social behavior counts as altruistic if it reduces the fitness of the organism performing the behavior, but boosts the fitness.

Altruistic Punishment in Humans Ernst Fehr & Simon Gächter Clemente Jones & Nguyen Lam Psychology /08/2014.

Evolution, Sexuality, and Religion: Toward a Multi-level Model of the Emergence of Religion James A. Van Slyke Southern California Working Group on Culture,

Is There A Natural Moral Sense? Dr. Sally Ferguson Philosophy and Religious Studies University of West Florida.

Reciprocal Altruism Elbert Lim Anthro 179. Reciprocal Altruism Term was coined by Robert Trivers (1970’s). Refers to the offering and receiving of support,

Evolution, Cooperation, and Religion as adaptation James A. Van Slyke.

+. Reciprocal altruism: One organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation Assumes that cheaters can be identified/punished.

Chapter 13 Opener: Weaver ants form superbly cooperative societies

Cooperation Reciprocators, Cheaters, and Everyone Else.

Altruism: Helping Others Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Social Psychology by David G. Myers 8 th Edition Altruism: Helping Others.

BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.

Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Chapter Twelve Helpful Social Behavior.

Introduction.  Evolutionary psychology is the scientific study of human nature based on understanding the psychological adaptations humans evolved to.

Altruism Chapter 9 Reading on Reserve. Questions to be Addressed What is Altruism? What motivates people to help others? Are differences in the tendency.

Evaluate two theories explaining altruism. Prisoner’s Dilemma Play a game of ‘Prisoner’s Dilemma’ d.html.

The Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research (4CMR) Emotions Help Solve the Prisoner’s Dilemma Behavioural Finance Working Group Conference.

Chapter 9 - Prosocial Behavior

SARA NISHIKAWA, BOBBY CASTILLO AND ARI SATURNE EVOLUTION Kruger, D. J. (2003). Evolution and altruism: Combining psychological mediators with naturally.

By: Isaiah Magpali-Isaac, Tatianna Smith, Viris Colmenero Farrelly, Daniel, Lazarus, John, & Roberts, Gilbert (2007). Altruists Attract. Evolutionary Psychology.

Anthropology 1 Honors Transfer Level Fundamental Concepts in Sociobiology.

The Evolution of Fairness PSC 120 Jeff Schank. Fairness People engage in fair exchanges of resources even when it would benefit them more to act unfairly.

The Evolution of Social Behavior: Examining Motivations for Altruism John Cuchural Storia della Filantropia Professoressa Giuliana Gemelli June 19 th,

HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Social responsibility 8.1. Social responsibility Learning outcomesLearning outcomes 1.Evaluate psychological research (through theories.

Presented by Antú Schamberger, Amanda Douglas, and Joel Schreiber Stevens, J. R. & Hauser, M. D. (2004). Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the.

CHAPTER 51 BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section D2: Social Behavior and Sociobiology (continued)

Kin selection. actor +- + cooperativealtruistic - selfishspiteful recipient Individual interaction behaviors.

Evolutionary Psychology. Evolved Mechanisms ALL psychological theories imply evolved psychological mechanisms –Where did these mechanisms come from? –Why.

TO COOPERATE OR NOT TO COOOPERATE REGIONAL ACADEMY FOR DEMOCRACY,

Announcements. Recipient’s fitness Actor’s fitness increases decreases Cooperation AltruismSpite Selfishness Types of social action.

De Dreu et al (2010) By Alexander Sanoja The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict Among Humans.

Chapter 35 Behavioral Ecology. Define behavior.  Behavior encompasses a wide range of activities.  A behavior is an action carried out by muscles or.

Game Theory by James Crissey Luis Mendez James Reid.

Chapter 51 Population Ecology. Define behavior. Visible result of an animal’s muscular activity ▫When a predator catches its prey ▫Fish raises its fins.

Ms. Carmelitano. Define Altruism: When one person helps another for no reward, and even at some cost to themselves Bell Ringer.

The evolution of cooperation. Altruism and the selfish gene n Altruism: benefit b to recipient at cost -c to the donor.

The evolution of social behavior: Why do social species exist? Disadvantages of living in social groups: Increased competition for food/resources Increased.

Social behaviour Biol 455 Mammalogy March 29, 2005.

Evolution, Biology and the Cooperative Instinct

Heuristic Strategy and Incentives in Distribution Networks of Competitive Agents STIET Fall Workshop, 2003 Presenter: Thede Loder.

G ROUP BEHAVIOUR. group behaviour The Selfish Gene is a book on by Richard Dawkings, 1976 Animal are kind to kin Animals are kind to non-kin Warning cries.

Chapter 9 Prosocial Behavior: Doing What’s Best for Others © 2014 Wadsworth Cengage Learning Oskar Schindler’s grave. The Hebrew inscription reads: “A.

Altruism & Kin Stewart-Williams, S. (2007) Altruism among kin vs. nonkin: effects of cost of help and reciprocal exchange. Evolution and Human Behavior,

Anonymity and Altruistic Punishment Kaytlyn McBride, Maiya Guillory & Steve Zigtema Piazza, J., & Bering, M.J. (2008). The effects of perceived anonymity.

Animal Behavior

Altruism & Kin Stewart-Williams, S. (2007) Altruism among kin vs. nonkin: effects of cost of help and reciprocal exchange. Evolution and Human Behavior,

Motivation (1 of 4) LO 11.4a Explain basic principles and theories of motivation. What is motivation? That which animates, moves the organism to action,

PRISONER’S DILEMMA BERK EROL

Kin Selection and the Evolution of Social Interactions

Kinship and Inclusive Fitness

Alturistic Social Behaviors

Kin Selection and the Evolution of Social Interactions

Anonymity and Altruistic Punishment

Inclusive Fitness and Its Implications

Theories of Altruism Contrast two theories of altruism.

Animal Behaviour Part II

Towards Realistic Models for Evolution of Cooperation

Reciprocity and Cooperation

Animal Social Behavior

Chapter 12: Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others

When fairness bends rationality: Ernst Fehr meets John Nash

Human Nature and Economics

Phase transitions to cooperation in the prisoner‘s dilemma

Presentation transcript:

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Evolution of cooperation: Why make friends? Why be nice, making friends must have offered some fitness advantage for our ancestors Evolution of niceness: – Kin selection: being nice to those with similar genetics – William Hamilton: inclusive fitness

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Kin selection There are a number of examples of what appear to be altruistic behaviors among animals. Most are explainable as examples of kin selection.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Reciprocity: You scratch my back I’ll scratch yours Robert Trivers: Reciprocal Altruism Non related individuals sometimes engage in reciprocal arrangements, vampire bats share blood, chimps groom for food

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Indirect reciprocity: being nice to the nice Richard Alexander: Fitness benefits of a good reputation Some animals are sensitive to reputation and restrict reciprocal interactions to only those who have a history of playing fair

Strong reciprocity: Upholding social norms Resurrection of group selection: Groups with more cooperative norms more likely to survive then those without. Evidence – People uphold social norms even a personal cost (ultimatum games) – Bias toward kin is a group-based form of selection – Evidence of group competition in ancestral past – “leveling” effects of “punishment at a distance” Paul Bingham’s “stoning” hypothesis Major figures: Herb Gintis, David Sloan Wilson and others

Prisoner’s Dilemma A “game” that pits defensive self-interest against cooperative tendencies. Used in lab studies of the evolution of cooperation. Asks question: When will self-interested agents risk cooperation in order to achieve a greater payoff.

When can cooperative strategies evolve? When does cooperation have higher fitness than selfishness? Tit for tat or direct reciprocity Forgiveness Indirect reciprocity Spatial selection Multi-level selection

Tragedy of the Commons

Avoiding the Tragedy Factors that increase cooperation on use of common “goods” 1. Authoritative information on the state of the resource 2. Public generosity (reputation) 3. Being watched