CHAPTER 8B REVIEW

ESSAY #1 MITOSIS a. 2n to 2n (diploid to diploid) b. forms cells identical to parent cell MEIOSIS a. 2n to n (diploid to haploid) b. forms cells different from parent cell

ESSAY #1 (cont.) MITOSIS c. 1 divison d. forms 2 daughter cells e. makes somatic cells MEIOSIS c. 2 divisions d. forms 4 daughter cells e. makes sex cells

ESSAY #2 HOW IS A KARYOTYPE MADE? A. Blood is separated with a centrifuge (fluid plasma on top and cells on bottom) B. A hypotonic solution is added to break the cell membrane of the RBC

C. White blood cells are used D. Cells stopped in metaphase with colchicine E. Arranged by size, shape, bars matching

ESSAY #3 Each of the disorders is a 5 point essay: DOWN SYNDROME- 1. round face 2. small teeth 3. flat bridge on nose 4. mentally challenged 5. susceptible to respiratory problems, Alzheimers Trisomy 21 Short stature

ESSAY #3 KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME (do 5) A. small testes B. infertile (cannot bear children) C. breast development D. rounded hips E. XXY (you may only use one of the chromosome letters) F. poor beard growth

ESSAY #3 TURNER SYNDROME A. small ovaries B. infertile (cannot bear children) C. web of skin between head and shoulders D. poor breast development E. XO F. short stature

1. Somatic or Sex Cell? Skin Somatic Sperm Sex Blood Egg sex

2. Difference between… Sex chromosomes and autosomes? ANSWER: Sex chromosomes are X and Y (usually #23) Autosomes are rest of chromosomes, in human karyotype #1-22

3. What is the difference… Between diploid and haploid (and symbols)? ANSWER:Diploid is 2n with 2 sets of chromosomes in a cell Haploid is n with one set of chromosmes in a cell

#4 What are homologous chromosomes? ANSWER: two sister chromatids from the father and two sister chromatids from the mother with the same inherited characteristics

What is the diploid and the haploid number for humans? #5 What is the diploid and the haploid number for humans? ANSWER: diploid – 2n = 46 haploid – n = 23

#6 Karyotypes: Which is it? Klinefelter’s Turner’s Normal Male Normal Female Due to XX

Skin cell Diploid Gamete Somatic cell ANSWER: gamete Which does not belong? Skin cell Diploid Gamete Somatic cell ANSWER: gamete

Which does not belong? 2N Haploid Gamete Sperm Egg ANSWER: 2N

6. Which is not a male? XXY XY XO XXXY Which is the normal male? XO is not a male and XY is the normal male

7. Which phase lasts the longest? Prophase I Metaphase I Prophase II Metaphase II Prophase I (Think!! a lot goes on here)

Meiosis or Mitosis? Makes cells that are haploid? Meiosis Makes cells that are diploid? Mitosis Makes sex cells meiosis

What is the difference between A gamete and a zygote? A gamete is a sex cell (like egg and sperm) and a zygote if a fertilized egg (the joining of egg and sperm)

8. And 10.How are they related? Tetrad and synapsis Tetrad are 4 homologous chromosomes and synapsis is the joining of these 4 to form a tetrad

8. In what phase… Does synapsis (joining of tetrads) form? Prophase I Prophase II Metaphase I Metaphase II ANSWER: Prophase 1

9. Crossover When does it occur? During prophase I Between which two chromosomes does it occur? Inner two of a tetrad What is the site where it occurs? chiasma

11. What is a chiasma? A B C

11. CHIASMA ANSWER Point where crossing over occurs between two inner chromosomes

12.Hair color Is a gene on a chromosome. The variations of it, such as brown, red, or black would be known as _________. Alleles are the choices of a gene

13. + 23. How many possible combinations? What is the formula? 2n What does n stand for? Haploid number How many combos if n = 2? 4

13. (cont.) How many possible combinations? How many combos if n = 3? 8 = (2 x 2 x 2) How many combos if n = 23? About 8 million

14. Karyotypes: Which is it? Klinefelter’s Turner’s Normal Male Normal Female ANSWER: Turner’s

14. Karyotypes: Which is it? Klinefelter’s Turner’s Normal Male Normal Female ANSWER: Normal Male

14. Karyotypes: Which is it? Klinefelter’s Turner’s Normal Male Normal Female ANSWER: Klinefelter’s

Name the disorder: XO Turner’s syndrome XXXY Klinefelter’s syndrome Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome

15.What type of mutation? Duplication Insertion Deletion Translocation Inversion

15. What type of mutation? Insertion Deletion Translocation Inversion

15. What type of mutation? Insertion Deletion Translocation Inversion

15. What type of mutation? Insertion Deletion Translocation Inversion

Just Checking: What is this showing? Crossing over It occurs during what phase? Prophase I

16. What is CML? A cancer caused by the translocation of chromosome _________ and ________. 9 and 22

In case you wondered…CML Also called: The Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph1) Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

17. If the testicle cell has 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does the sperm have? 100 50 25 10 ANSWER: 25

18. What are the chances? That a female with Down Syndrome will have a child with Down Syndrome? 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% ANSWER: 50%

Give the missing info If the Diploid Number is… 46 18 72 Then the Hapoid Number is… 23 9 36

19. Which part of Meiosis… Is like mitosis (except it has two cells)? Meiosis II ANSWER: Meiosis II

21. Who determines… The sex of the offspring? Father or mother FATHER WHY? If he donates an X = child is girl (XX) If he donates a Y = child is a boy (XY) Mother only can donate an X

22. Define: Karyotype: A. diagram of meiosis B. An orderly display of magnified images of the individual chromosomes C. chromosomes as they appear in Prophase I ANSWER: B

23. Define… Nondisjunction: A. switching of parts of two chromosomes B. inversion of two parts of a chromosome C. members of chromosome pairs fail to separate D. You Diss Yo Homey ANSWER: C

What are the two gametes of humans? A. egg and sperm B. X and Y C. ovaries and testes D. Klinefelter’s and Turner’s ANSWER: A

In which phase of Meiosis? Do the tetrads form? Prophase I Are 4 haploid cells formed? Telophase II

Which phase of Meiosis? Do you know? How many cells? Is it Meiosis I or II? PROPHASE II

Which phase of meiosis? Where are the centrioles? Where are the tetrads? Metaphase I

Which phase of meiosis? How many cells? Haploid or diploid? Telophase II

Which phase of meiosis? How many cells? Where are the chromatids? Metaphase II

Which phase of meiosis? Where are the chromatids? Meiosis I or II? Anaphase I

Which phase of meiosis? Where are the chromosomes going? How many cells? Anaphase II

Which phase of meiosis? How many cells? Nuclear Membrane? Where are the centrioles? Prophase II

At the end of meiosis? 4 haploid At the end of mitosis? 2 diploid How many cells form? At the end of meiosis? 4 haploid At the end of mitosis? 2 diploid

Mitosis or Meiosis? Has 1 division Mitosis Has 2 divisions Meiosis

Makes similar, but not identical cells? Meiosis Mitosis or Meiosis? Makes identical cells? Mitosis Makes similar, but not identical cells? Meiosis

Mitosis or Meiosis? Which makes sex cells? Meiosis Which makes somatic cells? Mitosis

Match the disorder A. Turner’s syndrome B. Klinefelter’s syndrome Round face, small teeth, flattened nose, sluggish muscles, Trisomy 21 Sterile, breast enlargement, small testicles, XXY Short, sterile, underdeveloped breasts, XO A. Turner’s syndrome B. Klinefelter’s syndrome C. Down Syndrome

Making a karyotype? Stop cells in what phase? Metaphase With what chemical? Colchicine Use what type of cells? White Blood Cells