What’s in Ch. 50 ? I. GERUNDS (page )  Gerunds decline like 2 nd Declension neuter nouns, only in the singular (page 169)  If the gerund is the subject or direct object, the infinitive is used instead of an –nd- form.  Use of the gerund with ad to show purpose (page 170)  Use of the gerund in the genitive case preceding causā to show purpose (page 170)  The gerund in the ablative case usually expresses cause or means (page 170)  NB 1: The gerund of eō, īre “to go” : īre, eundī, eundō, eundum, eundō (page 170)  NB 2: Be sure to distinguish between the English gerund and the present participle, which both end in “-ing” in English (page 170)  P.S. Funerary Inscription for a Vestal Virgin, and one for a British lady (page 171) Vixi puellis (page 102)

mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātus/a/um = to change dēsīderō, dēsīderāre, dēsīderāvī, dēsīderātus/a/um = to miss, long for mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum = to wonder at admire causa, causae F. = cause, reason; court case causā + GENITIVE = for the sake of scrība, scrībae M = scribe dēsīderium, dēsīderiī N = longing maestus, maesta, maestum = sad modestus, modesta, modestum = moderate, modest praesēns, praesēntis = present similis, similis, simile (+ DATIVE) = similar (to), like

I. Gerunds (-nd-) …What are gerunds? Gerunds are.  Translation into English: use “-ing” : dragging, Fishing, Defending, Traveling, Learning, Speaking, Fighting, Spelling, Cooking, Eating, etc. Caesar dandō, sublevandō, ignōscendō, Cato nihil largiendō glōriam adeptus est. = Caesar won fame by giving, assisting, forgiving, Cato (won fame) by giving away nothing. English Example from Latin: What is your modus operandi? = “method of operating” = M.O. Don’t confuse the English gerund with the English present active participle. …Why?

Declension of the Latin Gerund: Nominative Singular 1 : pugnārefighting Gen Sing 2 :pugnandīof fighting [Dat Sing:[ pugnandōto/for fighting (rare)] Accusative Sing 3 :pugnandumfighting Ablative 4 :pugnandōby fighting Gender of the Gerund Number of the Gerund Declension # of the Gerund 1.Use the infinitive for any subject or direct object use of the gerund. 2.The genitive is typically used to show purpose with caus ā or gratiā with a preceding gerund = pugnandī causa = ‘for the sake of fighting” 3.Only used with ad and a verb of motion = “for the purpose of…” 4.Ablative usually shows means.

Gerunds – special notes on cases Ch. 50 (1)Nominative: subject [infinitive in form] (2)Genitive: whenever you need “of” or “for” (objective genitive); often shows purpose with causā or gratiā “for the sake of” (3)Dative: rare; only with verbs that take a dative (4)Accusative:* the –ndum form is NOT for DIRECT OBJECTS: only with ad “for the purpose of” [for direct objects use the infinitive] (5)Ablative: usually shows means – “by means of”; often manner/respect with preposition in - “in”

Gerunds – special note on the accusative * case Ch. 50 The accusative* case (–ndum form) only with ad “for the purpose of” and a verb of motion NOT for DIRECT OBJECTS o Ille domum ad puliendum rediit. = He returned home to clean^ (for the purpose of cleaning). o The direct object is an objective infinitive. In English we can say either (1) I like swimming, or (2) I like to swim. In Latin, it will always be the objective infinitive (I like to swim) ^ remember that in Latin, do not use the infinitive to show purpose

Gerunds – basic Latin declension Ch. 50 LatinEnglish Nominative S.Infinitiveverbing Genitive Sing-ndī of (for) verbing Dative Singular -ndō to/for verbing (rare) Accusative S-ndum verbing* Ablative Sing-ndō WFBI verbing

The Skinny on Gerunds: = Gerunds are Verbal Nouns.  Only neuter singular as follows…(Infinitive, -ī, -ō, -um, -ō).  Active.  Gerunds never agree w/ anything.  For nominative, use the infinitive.  Vidēre est credere. = Seeing is believing  Deponent verbs do have gerund forms : sequī, sequendī, sequendō, sequendum, sequendō 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 3 rd -io 4 th --andum -endum - endum -iendum

1 st Conjugation2 nd Conjugation Nom Gen Dat Acc terrendum Abl natandō Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation :

3 rd Conjugation3 rd- io Conjugation Nom Gen faciendī Dat trahendō Acc Abl Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation :

4 th Conjugation (eō, īre) Nom pulīreexīre Gen Dat Acc Abl Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation :

1 st Conjugation Depon2 nd Conjugation Depon Nom morārī verērī Gen Dat Acc Abl Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation :

3 rd Conjugation Depon3 rd -io Conj. Deponent Nom sequī morī Gen Dat Acc Abl Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation :

4 th Conjugation Depon 3rd Conjugation Nom orīrī agere Gen Dat Acc Abl Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation :

Nominative Examples of Gerunds: (Subject/Predicate Nominative) Ch. 50  Vidēre est credere. = Seeing is believing  Mensās movēre est nōn gratum. = Moving tables is not fun.  Esse quam vidērī = To be rather than to seem. Or, Being rather than seeming. Genitive Examples of Gerunds: (1) “of” / “for” used after certain adjectives & nouns, especially (2) gratiā & causā - show purpose) Ch. 50 (1)  modus operandī = “method of operating” (1)  Perita erat loquendī = She was skilled at speaking. (2)  Agricola in agrum arandī causā (or gratiā) iit. = The farmer went into the field to plow (it)/for the sake of plowing. [Think of gratiā and causā as frozen forms that exist to show purpose with a preceding genitive.]

Dative Examples of Gerunds: rare- only with special verbs or adjectives that take the dative Ch. 50  nōn satis otiī habēbō carmina scrībendō. = I shall not have enough leisure (free time) for composing poems. Accusative Examples of Gerunds: with ad (or in) to show purpose. Ch. 50 o Translate “for the purpose of”; “to”  Agricola ad arandum in agrum iniit = The farmer went into the field to plow (it)/for the purpose of plowing. Ablative Examples of Gerunds: most usually as ablative of MEANS. Ch. 50  Rīdendō cūrās dimittimus. = We send away our cares by laughing.  carmina scrībendō Horātius fāmam meruit. = Horatius won fame by writing poems.  in carmina scribendō ille praestat. = Horatius excels in writing poems.

Gerunds vs. Participles o Be careful NOT to confuse the English gerund and the present active participle, b/c they both end in “ing.” o Remember that the gerund is a verbal NOUN, and the present participle is a verbal ADJECTIVE: o Horatia sat in the garden singing. (Participle) o Horatia warmed up her voice by singing scales. (Gerund)

Review of the ways to show purpose with the gerund o causā + a preceding genitive = “for the sake of verbing”, “to verb” o gratiā + a preceding genitive = “for the sake of verbing”, “to verb” o ad + accusative = “for the purpose of verbing”, “to verb”

TRANSLATE into your composition books: 1.Imperātor fugiendō odium mīlitum mōvit. 2.Imperator urbem capiendī causā milites suos promisit. 3.Ille sapiēns librōs legendō plūra cognoscet. 4.Cicerō loquendī causā in forō stetit. 5.Cupidi erāmus multa audiendī. 6.Ad rem pūblicam servandum Cicerō Catilinam petēbat.

TRANSLATE into your composition books: 1.Rōmānī propter studium vincendī bella in multīs gerēbant. 2.Cupida erat domum redeundī. 3.Cupida eram domum redeundī. 4.Hic est peritus pugnandī; ille (est peritus) scrībendī. 5.Mea uxor philosophiam legendō studet. 6.Sapientiā ūtere ad vītam bene agendum. (vītam agere = to live)

Finis