Lutheran Church Priesthood of all No ‘Religious Life’ Married clergy No Pope A ‘National’ Church 2 Sacraments Baptism/Eucharist No ‘Mass’ Different view of ‘Real Presence” Vernacular Bible and Worship Stress on Preaching Good Works – rejected (eg. Fasting, pilgrimages, indulgences, etc.) Hierarchical priesthood Religious Life Celibacy Authority of Pope and Bishops A Universal Church 7 Sacraments Mass Christ actually present in the Eucharist Latin (until 1960s) Stress on Tradition & Authority Value of faith and working out your salvation through ‘good works’ Catholic Church

Lutheran Church Catholic Church FAITH ALONE GRACE ALONE SCRIPTURE ALONE SCRIPTURE & TRADITION FAITH & WORKS AUTHORITY - POPE & BISHOPS

John Calvin(1509 – 1564) 1.What does the term “Predestination” mean for Calvin? 2.Why can Catholics not accept Calvin’s teaching about Predestination? 3.In Catholic teaching, what is there, aprart from Scripture, that contributes to our knowledge of salvation?

Huldrych Zwingli (1484 – 1531) 1.List the main points of Zwingli’s programme of reform 2.In what ways did his proposals go against Catholic teaching and doctrine?

Three Major Protestant Streams Lutheran Calvin Anglican

Lutheranism Key event: publication of Luther’s 95 Theses in 1517 Human beings have fallen nature. Only faith brings salvation Primacy of the Bible. Encourages individual interpretation of scripture Accepts only the sacraments of baptism and Eucharist. Believes in consubstantiation – body and blood of Christ coexist with the bread and wine which do not change Rejects: holy days, fast days, honoring saints, indulgences, the rosary, monasticism, the other five sacraments

Calvinist Key event: publication of Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536 Human nature is utterly depraved The doctrine of predestination. Christ died only for the elect. The elect cannot resist God’s grace. Nor can they backslide Accepts only baptism and eucharist. Believes only in Christ’s spiritual presence in the eucharist. Encourages Bible reading, sobriety, thrift, capitalism, and a strict Sabbath observance. Stresses the priesthood of all believers and democracy in the church Rejects: whatever is not in the Bible – for example, vestments, images, organs, hymns

Anglican Key event: Henry VIII declares himself head of church in England in 1534 Accepts most Catholic teachings about faith and good works. Does not recognise papal primacy The monarch is head of the church in England. The monarch establishes what is allowable religious practice in the realm Believe in the seven sacraments. Liturgy very similar to Catholic liturgy. Bishops head dioceses and priests serve in parishes. Priests can marry. Accepts: The Book of Common Prayer and most Roman Catholic beliefs and practices

Development of the Christian Churches EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH 4 th Century Church of Roman Empire 1054 GREAT SCHISM Mestorian Armenian Jacobite Coptic Churches

Development of the Christian Churches GREAT SCHISM Eastern Orthodox (Constantinople) Western Christianity (Rome) Roman Catholic Church 16 th Century Reformation Church of England LutheransCalvinists Anabaptists Baptists Congregationalists Presbyterians Methodiests Quakers