Applications in Security Eamonn Cooney Sales & Business Development Manager March 15,2011

Point Detector Overview 2

Aviation Security Sector Baggage Screening Advances in Detector Applications for Security 3 Nuclear Industry Safety & Security Radiation Monitoring

NeedDetector Requirement Minimal disruption to passenger throughput Detector must work at high count rates in order to minimize Poisson noise whilst still providing fast measurements. Ability to scan all types of container Transparent, translucent, opaque Metal, coloured glass & cardboard X ray systems must work at high energy in order to provide for inspection of metal containers. This then requires high quantum efficiency at high energy and therefore high Z detector materials Non invasive detection and ID of drugs, IEDs, explosives, components of and flammable liquids Many threat and benign materials have very similar x ray absorption properties. This means not only must the detector precision be very high but also the response of the detector at different flux rates, illumination spectra, temperatures etc. must be calibrated so this precision is not lost. Low False Alarm Rate Low false alarms rates can be achieved by combining the precision, speed, high quantum efficiency and calibration of the system with algorithm development which makes the systems immune to the ever increasing range of benign materials with potential threat overlaps Airport Security Threat Detection 4

Airport Check in and Baggage Screening 5 Importance of accurate and sensitive threat detection

Applications of multi energy to powders and compounds Absorption difference between powder explosive precursor and benign material cannot be seen by only low energy and high energy measurements 6 Powder explosives are a significant problem for dual energy x ray even in a CT modality. Careful mixing can produce identical effective atomic number and density for two point measurement Threat- benign

7 X Energy X Y Current dual energy detectors: Only two energies Energy thresholds are fixed CZT detectors: Multiple energy bands Energy bands electrically configurable High Low Non Spectroscopic Spectroscopic Indirect and direct conversion

8 Aviation Security Scanning Examples Type B Bottle Scanner CZT based Multispectral X ray Imaging for threat LAGs Type C & Type D X-ray cabin baggage and checked in baggage scanners employ a range of X-ray technologies including Dual energy X ray, XRD and CT… Type A systems tend to be invasive e’g.Dip Strips, trace detectors:

Security Detectors Examples 1 9 CZT 4” Boule – the starting point for single crystal detectors CZT Coplanar Grid 10 x 10 x 10 mm³ detector for a compact HR Gamma Ray Spectrometer

Security Detector Examples 2 10 CZT Detector: 20 x 20 x 15mm 3 11 x 11 pixels For security applications CZT Detector 10 x 10 x 1.5 mm pixels 36 x 36 for Airport CT Scanner application

Security Detector Examples 3 11 Security Bottle Scanner Single small pixel CZTdetector IMELDA Pixellated ASIC for a CT Airport Scanner with a CZT 16 x16 Array and 500um x 500um pixels

Security Detectors Examples 4 12 CZT detector 16 x16 matrix 500um pixels mounted on an ASIC for Spectrometry and Compton Camera applications Composite of 32 individual pixels For a security baggage Scanner

The best detector performance requires high performance ASICs and read out electronics ASICs & electronics 13

 Any real detector consists of a material which converts the incoming photons into a materials response and a way of processing the materials response. The matching of electronics design to detector response is essential to avoid artefacts ASICs & electronics 14 Typical problemArtefactsSolutions Variations of signal response due to position of interaction in the detector. Different effective gains dependant on position of interaction. Multi electrode signal capture allowing position of interaction correction. Suitable matching of amplifiers response time to detector response time. Pile up of analogue signal response. Changes in spectral response as a function of count rate. Minimization of analogue response time. Digital post processing of signals to deconvolute pile up. Multichannel electronics have channel to channel variations in gain, offset and transient response Ring artefacts in CT. Streaking in projection images. Multiple layers of channel to channel trimming and calibration. Charge sharing between pixels Distortion of spectral response Real time or list mode charge reconstruction dependant on system count rate.

Safety & Security Radiation Monitoring Security & Safety in the Nuclear Industry 15 Some applications for High Resolution Gamma Ray Spectrometry  Nuclide identification in high dose areas.  Primary coolant analysis and circuit characterisation  In situ isotope mix. In formation on status  Effluent release monitoring. What is present?  Outage / shutdown fuel replacement: Location, identification and cause of contamination before and during outages.  Spent fuel storage and waste pond monitoring

Detector Type 662 keV Cs137 Typical Weight Operational Temperature 0°C CZT<2.0 and <2.5%60g 0-40°C HpGe0.21% 6.8 KgCooling required NaI (Ti)<8% kg -20°C +50°C LaBr ɜ <4% kg-20°C +50°C Detector Comparison 16

Gamma Ray Spectrometry – recent developments  A compact Gamma Ray Spectrometer measuring only 25mm x 25mm x 64mm and weighing only 60gm. ( Match box size)  High performance gamma ray spectrometer uses an advanced 1cm³ Coplanar Grid CZT detector offering far superior resolution compared to Sodium iodide (NaI) and Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr 3 ) based devices  CPGD CZT Resolution: % 662 keV: A viable alternative in many cases to much larger and more expensive Germanium (HpGe) based spectrometers. 17

CZT – GR1 Gamma Ray Spectrometer 18 81keV ( 133 Ba) 59.5keV( 241 Am) 276keV ( 133 Ba) 303keV ( 133 Ba) 356keV ( 133 Ba) 384keV ( 133 Ba) 662keV ( 137 Cs) 1173keV ( 60 Co) 1333keV ( 60 Co)

Gloved GR-1 was used to identify and measure the radioactivity of scattered debris in high dose areas throughout the plant 19 Case Study: Japan Fukushima Disaster

20 GR-1 Gloved (Lead encased) Spectrometer at Fukushima 寸法：直径 11cm× 長さ 14.5cm 重量： 15kg 特徴：常温型高線量率用 γ 線スペクトロメータ 内蔵検出器 Kromek GR-1 Fukushima Glove Box Encasing GR-1

Case Study: Fukushima Reactor Measurements  Measurements taken at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) 1F disaster site  GR1 used to identify radioactivity amongst the debris  Five minutes per location  Gloved GR1Spectrometer performed under high dose radiation > 50mS/hr  High resolution: Cs -137 and Cs -134 radioisotopes clearly identified as the main gamma-ray emission nuclide. The measurement performance exceeded expectations.  Energy range measured: keV 21

Measure of High Dose rate Concrete Fragment in Fukushima 22

Hand Held Gamma Ray Spectrometers 23 Examples High Detection Sensitivity Handheld Spectrometer With 2” x 2” NaI Detector <7% 662 keV Applications  Nuclear First responders  Security screening by police, fire and rescue services  Nuclear installation monitoring  Nuclear accident response  Site surveys High Resolution Handheld Spectrometer With 1 cm³ CZT Detector <2% 662 keV

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