5-1 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Drug Identification In what types of situations would a forensic scientist need to test for drugs? In what ways can forensic scientists test for drugs? (What types of biological samples would they use to test for drugs?)

5-2 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Most common drug tests Urine drug test (urinalysis)Urineurinalysis –Test card is used on site for immediate results, or sample is sent away to a lab to be tested with a sophisticated gas analyzer. –To prevent substitution of another person's urine or an adulterating substance, one is sometimes observed while urinating. While some people attempt to defeat a urine test by drinking copious amounts of water, a sufficiently diluted sample may be rejected. –Some herbal extracts are marketed for "detox" of controlled substances from one's urine, but their efficacy is controversial.

5-3 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Most common drug tests Hair Follicle drug test Hair Follicle –Hair testing is quite accurate –Can go back 6 months (timeline!) –Many people try to get around this by just shaving their heads. –This is ineffective, as hair from one's underarm, pubic, leg or arm hair can also be used.

5-4 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Most common drug tests Blood drug test Blood –Blood testing is usually performed for serious employment positions or by insurance companies. This is expensive and not very common. –Toxicologists can use blood samples to analyze overdoses or poisonings.

5-5 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Most common drug tests Saliva drug test Saliva –This is not common and can only detect toxins used 3-4 days prior. Insurance companies and law enforcement agencies use this method most often.

5-6 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Drug Identification The challenge or difficulty of forensic drug identification comes in selecting analytical procedures that will ensure a specific identification of a drug. This plan, or scheme of analysis, is divided into two phases. –Screening (Presumptive) test: ? –Confirmation test: a single test that specifically identifies a substance.

5-7 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Screening Tests Screening (Presumptive) Tests: –Why use them?

5-8 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Preliminary Analysis The unknown substance may be any one of a thousand or more commonly encountered drugs. Screening tests reduce these possibilities to a small and manageable number. A series of color tests that will produce characteristic colors for the more commonly encountered illicit drugs.

5-9 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Type of Test Chemicals What the Results Mean Marquis ColorFormaldehyde and concentrated sulfuric acid Heroin, morphine and most opium-based drugs will turn the solution purple. Amphetamines will turn it orange-brown. Cobalt thiocyanate Cobalt thiocyanate, distilled water, glycerin, hydrochloric acid, chloroform Cocaine will turn the liquid blue. Dillie-Koppanyi Cobalt acetate and isopropylamine Barbiturates will turn the solution violet- blue. VanUrk P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, hydrochloric acid, ethyl alcohol LSD will turn the solution blue-purple. Duquenois-Levine Test Vanillin, acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, chloroform Marijuana will turn the solution purple.

5-10 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Preliminary Analysis Microcrystalline tests: –Analyze the size and shape of crystals formed when the drug is mixed with specific reagents. Fig. 3. Microcrystalline response of selected psychoactive stimulants tested with mercury chloride as reagent (a) BZP, (b) caffeine, (c) D -amphetamine, (d) DL -amphetamine, (e) ephedrine hydrochloride, (f) ephedrine sulphate, (g) MDAI freebase, (h) mephedrone, (i) methamphetamine. Note: (a) was taken at 76× magnifications, images (b)–(i) were taken at 19× magnifications.

5-11 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Confirmational Determination Once this preliminary analysis is completed, a confirmational determination is pursued. –Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances. Typically infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to specifically identify a drug substance.