16 August 2015 Delft University of Technology Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Prof. Lou van der Sluis The Generation of Electric Energy

2 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Generation of Electric Energy Electricity: the energy carrier of the future Boundary conditions: Oil, gas, coal and uranium resources are limited Ecological impact Reliability of supply Low prices

3 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Fuel Mix Capacity [GW]FranceNetherlandsGermanyAustriaSwitzerlandItaly Hydro power Nuclear power Conventional thermal Renewables total Installed generation capacity in some European countries in the year 2006

4 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Thermal Power Plant (1) The Amercentrale in the Netherlands (Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.)

5 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Thermal Power Plant (2) The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle

6 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Principals of Thermodynamics (1) Q:The heat added to the system [J] U :The internal energy [J] W :The work done by the system [J] P:The gas pressure [Pa] V:The gas volume [m 3 ] dQ = dU + dW = dU + pdV

7 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Principals of Thermodynamics (2) pV-diagram of an ideal gas with two states (p 1, V 1 ) and (p 2, V 2 )

8 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Principals of Thermodynamics (3) Schematic representation of a heat engine working between a hot reservoir (T 1 ) and a cold reservoir (T 2 )

9 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Principals of Thermodynamics (4) The pV-diagram of the Carnot cycle

10 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Thermal Power Plant (1) The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle

11 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Thermal Power Plant (2) The Rankine Cycle

12 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Nuclear Power Plant (1) A typical fission reaction

13 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Nuclear Power Plant (2) The Boiling Water Reactor

14 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Nuclear Power Plant (3) The Pressurized Water Reactor

15 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Nuclear Fusion A typical fusion reaction

16 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Wind Energy Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

17 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Wind Turbines (1) The Danish wind turbine concept

18 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Wind Turbines (2) Wind turbine with a doubly-fed induction generator

19 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Wind Turbines (3) A direct drive wind turbine

20 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Hydro Power

21 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Water Turbines (1) The Kaplan Water Turbine Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG

22 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Water Turbines (2) The Francis Water Turbine Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG

23 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Water Turbines (3) The Pelton Wheel Turbine Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG

24 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Solar Power (1) Solar Power Tower Courtesy of DOE/NREL

25 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Solar Power (2) Solar Panels Courtesy of DOE/NREL

26 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Geothermal Power (1) Dry Steam Power Plant

27 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Geothermal Power (2) Flash Steam Power Plant

28 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials Geothermal Power (3) Binary-Cycle Power Plant

29 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Synchronous Machine (1)

30 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Synchronous Machine (2) Four-pole salient-pole rotorTwo-pole cylindrical rotor Generator Types

31 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Synchronous Machine (3) Equivalent Circuit No power exchange with the grid

32 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Synchronous Machine (4) Generator injects power into the gridNo power exchange Grid interaction

33 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Synchronous Machine (5) Generator injects power into the grid Equivalent Circuit

34 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Infinite Bus (1)

35 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Infinite Bus (2)

36 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Synchronous Machine (6) Generator Heating Limits

37 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Synchronous Machine (7) Active power as a function of the power angel 

38 2. The Generation of Electric Energy | 38 ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials The Synchronous Machine (8) Example of a Loading Capability Curve