Memory/Cognition Describe and differentiate psychological and physiological systems of memory (e .g ., short-term memory, procedural memory) Compare and contrast various cognitive processes: — effortful versus automatic processing; — deep versus shallow processing; — focused versus divided attention 3. Outline the principles that underlie effective encoding, storage, and construction of memories 4. Describe strategies for memory improvement 5. Identify key contributors in cognitive psychology (e .g ., Noam Chomsky, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Wolfgang Köhler, Elizabeth Loftus, George A . Miller)

What is the purpose of memory??? Stages of Memory What is the purpose of memory???

Stages of Memory Memory is more of an active system receiving, storing, organizing, altering, and recovering information

Stages of Memory Encoded Incoming information is changed into a usable form Retrieved Memories/information must be taken out of storage Stored Information is held in the system

It is in our sensory memory that we have icons and echos. Sensory Memory holds an exact copy of what is seen or heard, for only a few seconds or less

Sensory Memory Color of bicycles?

Sensory Memory How many people wearing sunglasses?

Sensory Memory How many people wearing a hat?

Sensory Memory Color of shirt of 3rd person in row?

Which items were crossed off? Short-term Memory If information is able to make it through sensory memory, it gets passed on to short-term memory Our short-term memory (stm) holds small amounts of information for relatively brief periods of time What were some of the items on the grocery list from a few minutes ago? Which items were crossed off?

Short-term Memory Not everything that we see or hear going on around us is recorded in our short term memory. Why? Focusing on only a selected portion of sensory input Something called selective attention controls what information actually makes it to STM. What type of things are in our short term memory??

Short-term Memory How are they stored? Can be stored as: images phonetically STM is where we do the majority of our thinking, and is also the stopping point that allows to not become overburdened by useless garbage. 10 word test

LTM contains everything you know about the world. Long-term Memory Third memory system acts as a lasting storehouse for information that is meaningful LTM contains everything you know about the world. Does it ever fill up?

Adv. Psych Psychological vs. physiological aspects of memory How do our brains make memories? Physiological= What happens biologically to create a memory? Hippocampus- part of limbic system that plays an important role in consolidating information from short term to long-term Also is responsible for attaching senses and emotions with the memory itself

Adv. Psych Psychological vs. physiological aspects of memory How do our brains make memories? Physiological= What happens biologically to create a memory? Recording a memory requires the adjustment of the connections between neurons. Each memory tweaks a tiny sections of the neurons in the brain, changing the way in which they communicate. 2:20 Quick/simple chemical changes Short term vs. Long term Built into brain’s synapses

Who found all of this? With a partner, I would like for you to please research the following cognitive psychologists. Atkinson and Shiffrin Hermann Ebbinghaus Elizabeth Loftus George A. Miller For each psychologists please make sure you find their beliefs as well as contributions. When you are finished, you will be completing a paragraph reflection.

Who found all of this? With a partner, I would like for you to please research the following cognitive psychologists. Atkinson and Shiffrin Hermann Ebbinghaus Elizabeth Loftus George A. Miller For each psychologists please make sure you find their beliefs as well as contributions. When you are finished, you will be completing a paragraph reflection. Provide an analysis of which psychologists you feel contributed the most to the field of cognitive psychology/memory.

Memory/Cognition Describe and differentiate psychological and physiological systems of memory (e .g ., short-term memory, procedural memory) Compare and contrast various cognitive processes: — effortful versus automatic processing; — deep versus shallow processing; — focused versus divided attention 3. Outline the principles that underlie effective encoding, storage, and construction of memories 4. Describe strategies for memory improvement 5. Identify key contributors in cognitive psychology (e .g ., Noam Chomsky, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Wolfgang Köhler, Elizabeth Loftus, George A . Miller)

Encoding Encoding is a biological event Senses Perception Thalamus and frontal lobe. Many neurons firing Attention The sensory areas of the cortex decode the sensations, and combine the information with the hippocampus Decoding Leads to storage in different parts of the brain

Encoding Four main types Acoustic Encoding Encoding of sound, words, and any other noise Visual Encoding Encodes images and visual sensory information Tactile Encoding Encoding of how something feels (usually in somatosensory cortex) Semantic Encoding Encoding of sensory input that has a particular meaning or association

Storage Passive event of retaining information Memories are stored throughout the cortex in groups of neurons These neurons are ready to fire together when they come across a similar experience It is said that more than one copy is often stored Why? There is a scatter effect to where memories are stored

Retrieval Re-Accessing of information The brain replays a pattern of neural activity With a slight twist (otherwise there would be no difference between the bona fide experience) We add in an awareness Remembering = Creative Re-imagination Recall and Recognition Association of an event with a previous experience Remembering an event that is not present

Recall Three main types Free Recall Cued Encoding Recall is in any order Cued Encoding Cues are given when recalling Serial Recall Recall in a certain order

Improving Memory

Improving Memory Knowledge of Results We often find that we are able to move on with our learning best when the feedback allows us to check progress. Can help us identify areas that need extra practice or help, and the simple fact of knowing is rewarding.

Improving Memory Recitation Recitation refers to summarizing aloud when you are reading This forces you to practice retrieving the information. By stopping frequently and trying to remember by restating the information 80/20

Improving Memory Rehearsal The more you rehearse or mentally review, the better your memory of the content Both maintenance and elaborative rehearsal are good. Must make links between the facts.

Improving Memory Selection Break down information into one or two important pieces of information. NASHVILLE — Each in his own way, big men Anthony Davis of Kentucky and Festus Ezeli of Vanderbilt give Saturday's game a distinctive quality. Davis, who is on the way to rewriting UK and Southeastern Conference records for blocks, has become a full-blown phenomenon. "I don't know that I've ever seen anything like him," Vandy Coach Kevin Stallings said Thursday. "... Davis changes the game around the goal. He makes you think about (chuckles) other options because trying to take it in front of him is not a very intelligent option most of the time." Has been shown that most students mark/highlight their text too much, rather than too little.

Improving Memory Selection Break down information into one or two important pieces of information. NASHVILLE — Each in his own way, big men Anthony Davis of Kentucky and Festus Ezeli of Vanderbilt give Saturday's game a distinctive quality. Davis, who is on the way to rewriting UK and Southeastern Conference records for blocks, has become a full-blown phenomenon. "I don't know that I've ever seen anything like him," Vandy Coach Kevin Stallings said Thursday. "... Davis changes the game around the goal. He makes you think about (chuckles) other options because trying to take it in front of him is not a very intelligent option most of the time." Has been shown that most students mark/highlight their text too much, rather than too little.

Improving Memory Organization Simple reordering of a list makes it much easier to learn. North, man, red, spring, woman, east, autumn, yellow, summer, boy, blue, west, winter, girl, green, south North, east, south, west, spring, summer, autumn, winter, red, yellow, green, blue, man, woman, boy, girl

Improving Memory Whole vs. Part Which is better for memory? Whole learning- attempting to learn the whole package of information Part Learning-subparts of larger pieces of information are studied individually

Improving Memory Serial Position Pinball Planted Plastic Problem Ringing Shifted Sinking Sunfish Trusted Twisted Nothing Contest Dentist Disrupt Himself Jumping lending Serial Position

Improving Memory Serial Position Pinball Planted Plastic Problem Ringing Shifted Sinking Sunfish Trusted Twisted Nothing Contest Dentist Disrupt Himself Jumping lending Serial Position Be careful to pay attention to the middle of the lists/or information

Improving Memory Sleep Sleeping after studying decreases interference When sleeping isn’t possible, take many study breaks.

Improving Memory Hunger People who are hungry almost always score lower on memory tests. Always eat a good breakfast before school.

Experiment creation You have the remainder of the block to gather everything you will need to perform your experiment.