Aid and Australian and international organisations Chapter 12.

Key knowledge. Different types of aid, including emergency aid, bilateral and multilateral aid and non-government organisation aid, and how they are used to achieve global health and sustainable HD. The role of the UN in providing global health and sustainable development through the following areas of action: world peace and security, human rights, humanitarian assistance and social and economic development The agenda of WHO in promoting global health and sustainable HD. The responsibilities of the Australian Government’s AusAID initiative and the role it plays in developing programs to improve global health and sustainable development The role of non-government organisations based in Australia in promoting global health and sustainable human development

Key skills. Identify and explain different types of aid and evaluate their contribution towards achieving global health and sustainable human development Describe the role of international and Australian government and non-government agencies and organisations in promoting global health and sustainable development Interpret and analyse data

Introduction. There are many factors that contribute to inequalities in health status around the world This information makes clear that there are vast differences in access to resources and opportunities between developing and developed countries in relation to health status. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the key to improving global health is to prevent the causes of important diseases. Tackling major risks effectively could lead to up to 10 years or more of healthy life expectancy globally and substantial gains can be made for relatively modest expenditures. Governments should prioritise the most important risks and shift the main focus to include preventative measures that can be applied to the whole population. Reducing major risks will, in turn, reduce inequalities in society, and promote both healthy life and sustainable development. A large amount of foreign aid is provided by a range of government and non-government agencies around the world to help improve the health status of the poorest and developing countries.

Types of Aid. For several decades a range of key agencies have been engaged in the battle to improve global health. These agencies include those related to government, such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization and AusAID, as well as non-government organisations such as World Vision, Oxfam and the Red Cross. There are four main categories of aid: Emergency relief aid, Bilateral aid, Multilateral aid Non-government aid.

Types of Aid. Emergency aid: Immediate aid following an emergency caused by natural disaster or war/conflict Bilateral aid: Aid given from the government of one country to the government of another Multilateral aid: Aid given by the governments of many countries and dispensed via international organisations such as the UN or WHO. Non-government organisation aid: is aid provided by organisations, often for specific projects or programs such as education programs, that directly give aid to the communities in which they are working.

Types of Aid. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfhSUcCFG iQ types of aid.docx

Emergency Aid. Emergency aid is the quick assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress after man-made emergencies, such as wars, and natural disasters, including floods, tsunamis or earthquakes. (A crisis) Is also called “Humanitarian Aid” This type of aid involves removing the immediate threats to health through providing: Medicine, Food, Water, Temporary shelter

Emergency Aid. Can you think of examples of emergency aid that you have seen over the past 10 years? Examples of emergency aid include the efforts after: Cyclone Evan The floods affecting Fiji and Samoa in 2012, The magnitude 7.3 earthquake in Haiti in 2010 The ongoing crisis in Syria. The Victorian Bushfires. The Queensland floods.

Emergency aid-The Ebola virus and Haiti earthquake. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBQ7QosFzFg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSpqnZYwdV U Emergency aid-Haiti.docx

Emergency Aid. What are some pros and cons of emergency aid? Pros: It’s provided quickly-immediately. It ensures the needs of those affected can be met. Cons: It does not provide long-term assistance-short-term. It does not address the causes of poverty or inequality.

Emergency Aid and achieving global health and sustainable human development Emergency aid provides immediate relief in affected areas. Emergency aid does not give long-term assistance. However, it does assist with basic needs during emergency situations, such as food, shelter and medical care. It aims to reduce the spread of communicable diseases, which can spread quickly in these kinds of conditions, and reducing injuries. This aid improves physical and mental health- which enhances sustainable human development.

Bilateral or official aid Bilateral means ‘two sides.’ Bilateral aid is where aid is given by one country directly to another. An example of bilateral aid is when Australia provides aid to East Timor such as through building infrastructure or improving access to water by building wells. This type of aid usually makes up the largest part of the aid a country receives.

Bilateral Aid. Bilateral aid is the most common type of aid. Examples of bilateral aid include projects such as?? Improving water supplies by building wells and dams so clean and fresh water is available. Providing essential infrastructure,-electricity supply. Establishing roads Medical facilities-hospitals and clinics. Resources such as water and electricity are vital for health, therefore bilateral aid improves health.

Bilateral Aid. Pros and cons of bilateral aid?

Bilateral Aid and global health and sustainable human development Bilateral aid improves the infrastructure and services provided in developing countries that can then positively influence health. E.g. Through building roads, providing electricity, establishing medical services, and providing wells for safe water. These resources assist with disease prevention and increase life expectancy. They also provide an improved standard of living. Building schools , programs and practices improves access to knowledge and enables people and communities to make informed decisions and participate in their community and therefore achieve sustainable human development.

Multilateral aid Multilateral means ‘many sides’ Multilateral aid is where aid is provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, the United Nations or the World Health Organization. Multilateral aid combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to those in need. These resources provided are then used to fund programs focused on improving health and sustainable development-For example programs that have been working towards achieving the MDGs.

Multilateral aid Australia, through AusAID, works with organisations such as the World Bank, the UN and the World Food Programme (WFP). Many of these programs work to fight issues such as global hunger and education. Multilateral aid promotes sustainable human development Food and education are needed for an active, healthy and a sustainable future.

Multilateral aid and global health and sustainable human development Multilateral aid is provided to programs that aim to improve the overall health status of countries. These programs promote sustainable HD; through allowing people to lead more productive lives and reach their full potential. These programs focus on the following: Increasing access to healthcare. Improvements in access to immunisation-decrease rates of morbidity and mortality. Improvement in the access to education programs-increase knowledge to improve health, earn an income, improve quality of life and ensure sustainability as skills and knowledge can be passed on to future generations. Provision of food-reduces under nutrition and poverty levels.

Multilateral aid Pros and cons of multilateral aid?

Non-government organisation aid Non-government aid (NGO aid) is provided by organisations, often for specific projects or programs, that directly give aid to the communities in which they are working. Such aid usually supports projects that focus on community development and participation Examples of this aid include establishing safe water supplies to a community or to educate about the prevention of HIV transmission.

Non-government organisation aid Non-government organisations (NGOs) are voluntary, not-for-profit community organisations. The money used by NGO’s is mainly provided by public donations or fundraising events, such as World Vision’s 40 Hour Famine. Many NGOs work directly in communities and target specific concerns. They also work directly with people and work towards increasing knowledge, resources and choices and therefore human development.

Non-government organisation aid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnJf8DVn RsE ActionAid-A NGO.

NGO aid and global health and sustainable human development NGO aid delivers programs needed to decrease morbidity and mortality rates and improve life expectancy, access to education and healthcare. The provision of these programs enhances all dimensions of health, in particular physical health. Another benefit of this aid is the opportunity to improve working potential and provide income for the family. Increased income improves access to food, education and healthcare. By improving these basic life essentials, people can develop to their full potential and lead productive and creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. (Sustainable HD)

NGO Aid. Pros and cons of NGO aid?

Types of aid.

Types of aid. Different types of aid worksheet. Aid tick the box. Types of aid mind map Types of aid mindmap.docx

The role of aid agencies in achieving global health and sustainable HD. Developing countries often lack the resources needed to improve the health status of their citizens. Aid plays an important role in addressing these countries’ health concerns with the goal of achieving sustainable human development. Aid can be provided to countries in need in the form/s of money, equipment, services and people.

The role of aid agencies in achieving global health and sustainable HD. Agencies provide aid for the following reasons: To address and reduce individual, family and community suffering. To address social and gender inequalities To eliminate hunger and reduce the effects of poverty To provide stability and sustainability To promote global health and development. The major agencies that provide aid include the UN, the WHO, the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and a number of NGO’s.

The United Nations (UN) For this outcome you will be required to know the following based on the UN: The role of the UN in providing global health and sustainable development through the following areas: World peace and security, Human rights, Humanitarian assistance Social and economic development How global health and SHD are promoted by the UN in these 4 areas

The United Nations (UN) Established in 1945, the United Nations (UN) has 192 member nations (countries) The UN does not make laws. The UN is a forum where all member nations have the opportunity to voice their opinions and vote on global issues that affect the world. It works to make the world a better place for all people. The UN helps resolve international conflict.

The United Nations (UN) Members of the UN meet in New York, and in recent times have discussed key issues such as the MDG’s, globalisation, war/conflict, HIV/AIDS, sustainability and protection of the environment. All of the 192 UN members’ flags fly outside the UN building in New York City

The United Nations (UN) One of the major roles of the UN is the planning of international aid and the development of international policy to protect the rights of all people. The UN has also established a number of supporting organisations such as the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The UN work to create a better world for all, achieve global health and sustainable human development.

Global issues addressed by the UN The following are examples of global issues that are addressed by the UN: Agriculture Children Climate change Culture Education, Environment Family, human rights, International law, Least developed countries, population, refugees, Social development and sustainable development.

The UN’s focus on issues of promoting health and sustainable HD. The UN has unique resources in promoting health and sustainable human development for all the world’s countries and citizens. The UN focuses on 4 key areas of action in its quest to promote health and sustainable HD: Working for international peace and security Humanitarian assistance Social and economic development. Human rights

The UN’s 4 key action areas. You will be required to know the 4 key areas of action of the UN; International peace and security Humanitarian assistance Social and economic development. Human rights For these 4 areas you will then need to know: What the UN does to work towards these 4 areas How these areas impact on both global health and sustainable human development.

UN action area: Working for world peace and security

UN action area: Working for world peace and security The UN’s activities include 4 principal areas: Conflict prevention, Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and enforcement, Peace building. When there is a threat to international peace or security, the UN works to resolve the conflict ASAP and restore peace. After a conflict, the UN then takes action to address the causes and create the foundations for lasting peace.

UN action area: Working for world peace and security http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operation s/peacekeeping.shtml https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40EihLq1a Ao

UN action area: Working for world peace and security The UN can deal with conflict and work to restore peace in a number of ways including: Issuing a ceasefire (an agreement to stop fighting), Sending UN troops to areas experiencing political or social unrest, to maintain the peace and security of citizens. Sending UN peacekeepers into a country to attempt to negotiate a peaceful solution (eg in East Timor) Know 2 examples of the UN’s work to achieve this area.

World peace and security UN peacekeepers serve in some of the most difficult and dangerous situations around the world, such as East Timor and Pakistan

World peace and security Current UN peacekeeping operations. http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operation s/current.shtml

World peace and security-Impact on global health and sustainable HD. For this outcome you will be required to understand how the 4 action areas can impact on both global health and SHD. It is important to remember the difference between health and SHD. Health-refers to morbidity and mortality rates, life expectancy and overall health status. SHD-refers to access to education, healthcare, water and food as well as the ability for people to reach their full potential and lead productive lives.

World peace and security-Impact on global health. War and conflict has a negative impact on health and health status Increased mortality/morbidity rates, decreased life expectancy and quality of life Peace and security leads to decreased morbidity and mortality rates and increases life expectancy and all dimensions of health, especially physical health. This results in people being able to work, receive an education and have access to food, water and healthcare.

World peace and security-Impact on sustainable human development (SHD) Living in peace and freedom allows people to have access to an education and employment. People are then able to earn an income and provide for their families through having access to essential resources such as healthcare, safe water, sanitation and food. All of this enables people to develop to their full potential and lead productive lives.

Exam question. The United Nation’s (UN) role is to help provide global health and sustainable human development to all member states. One of the ways it does this is through the promotion of world peace and security. Briefly explain how the UN aims to improve global health through the promotion of world peace and security. (2 marks)

World peace and security. Activity 12.3 Q 1 & 2.

UN action area: Humanitarian assistance Humanitarian assistance is the aid and action designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of man-made crises and natural disasters. The UN is a major provider of humanitarian assistance. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC73HeP_ODs

UN action area: Humanitarian assistance The UN provides humanitarian assistance through: Working to alleviate human suffering in disasters and emergencies, (such as war and natural disasters) Advocating for the rights of people in need, Facilitating sustainable solutions (such as the World Food Programme)

UN action area: Humanitarian assistance Countries receiving humanitarian assistance from the UN. http://reliefweb.int/countries

UN action area: Humanitarian assistance An example of how the UN works to provide humanitarian assistance is through its World Food Program (WFP). The WFP works to provide people who have been displaced from their homes (a result of war or other disasters) a safe and nutritious food supply, helping to relieve hunger and improve health status. Each year, on average, this program feeds more than 90 million people in more than 70 countries, including most of the world’s refugees and internally displaced persons.

UN action area: Humanitarian assistance The UN also has programs that work to provide shelter and medicine to those in need during times of disasters or emergencies. The refugee camp is an example of this; where the UN provides shelter, in the form of tents, for those in need.

UN action area: Humanitarian assistance The UN also works to prevent disaster occurrences and their effects. The World Meteorological Organization carries out weather forecasting, including cyclone and drought monitoring, to help develop prevention and response strategies to these impending situations.

Humanitarian assistance-Impact on global health. Humanitarian assistance provides food, shelter, safe water, sanitation and medicine, which reduces hunger, under nutrition and illness. As a result, all dimensions of health are improved, particularly physical health and life expectancy.

Humanitarian assistance-Impact on sustainable human development (SHD) This short-term humanitarian assistance aids communities to rebuild after disasters or emergencies. This helps allows countries to establish and sustain themselves in the long term.

UN action area: Social and economic development. One of the UN’s key aims is promoting higher standards of living, full employment, and the conditions of economic and social progress and development. Economic development aims to increase finances available for resources needed by the community, such as education, infrastructure and healthcare. Social development aims to improve social conditions by addressing issues such as HIV/AIDS and eradicating hunger and poverty. Through promoting social and economic growth, the UN is working towards eradicating poverty and improving the wellbeing of people around the world.

UN action area: Social and economic development. The UN works in a number of ways to promote social and economic growth. This includes programs focussing on: AIDS; Drug and people trafficking; Organised crime; Refugee populations; Gender equity and the empowerment of women. With an overall aim to eradicate poverty and improving the wellbeing of people around the world.

Social and economic development-Impact on global health. Improvements in economic resources such as infrastructure, healthcare and education will directly improve the health of individuals and their communities in all dimensions.

Social and economic development-Impact on sustainable human development (SHD) Economic development will increase the money available in countries for resources and infrastructure such as healthcare, food supply and education. Social development will assist countries to eradicate poverty. As a result, countries will have access to improved healthcare, food supply and education which will then see improvements in decent standards of living and increased sustainable human development.

UN action area: Human rights. The UN has defined human rights as being: “Those rights that are inherent to a human being, founded on universal respect for the dignity and worth of each person.” The UN works for the protection of human rights for all. Issues of human rights include: Access to education Adequate housing Access to food Good health Water and sanitation. These areas need to be addressed to ensure good health and SHD

UN action area: Human rights. In 1948, the UN created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This code sets out basic rights and freedoms to which all women and men are entitled including: The right to life, liberty and nationality The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion The right to work and to be educated The right to food and housing The right to participate in government.

UN action area: Human rights. The UN also developed the Rights of the Child act (1989), which lays down guarantees of child human rights. It guarantees children protection from harm and abuse and makes special provision for their survival and welfare through health, education and family life. It gives children the right to participate in society and decision-making that concerns them.

Human rights-Impact on global health. When human rights are protected the dimensions of health are all promoted. The right to food and the right to shelter and improve health status, particularly physical health. Mental health is also improved as people feel secure, respected and a sense of belonging as they are not discriminated against. By improving health, life expectancy also increases

Human rights-Impact on sustainable human development (SHD) Protecting human rights such as the right to education, work and to participate in government promotes sustainable human development as people are able to make more choices and have more control over their choices and actively participate in their community. Improving human rights will see people increase their knowledge through education and will also see improvements in living standards, further improving SHD.

Human rights Activity 12.5. An activity that summarises the 4 UN action areas. (Table 12.1)

The World Health Organisation (WHO) Key Knowledge: The agenda of WHO in promoting global health and sustainable HD. The WHO has a 6 point agenda which they use to improve health. You will need to know these 6 points and be able to explain what WHO does to achieve these 6 points (Will often be required to pull out examples from case studies) You will then need to have an understanding of how the agenda promotes health and SHD.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) logo The UN logo. WHO logo.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) logo WHO's emblem was chosen by the first World Health Assembly in 1948. The emblem consists of the United Nations symbol surmounted by a staff with a snake coiling round it. The staff with the snake has long been a symbol of medicine and the medical profession.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) Established in 1948, the WHO is the UN’s agency for promoting good health. The main goal of the WHO is to improve people’s health everywhere. WHO works to address public health priorities, strengthen communities and their capacity to manage health issues and help communities recover from the effects of a public health crisis. Through WHO, governments can work in collaboration on issues of global health and improve people’s wellbeing.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) 6 point agenda. Promoting development Fostering health security Strengthening health systems Harnessing research, information and evidence Enhancing partnerships Improving performance

The role of WHO in improving global health and sustainable HD In working towards achieving its goal of improving people’s health everywhere, WHO has a number of programs focusing on improving health and development. These programs include working to help communities affected with HIV/AIDS. Other examples include the work done or the programs implemented by the WHO when a country experiences a disease outbreak, such as the Swine Flu in Mexico.

The role of WHO in improving global health. WHO’s programs work to provide emergency relief where and when it is needed, providing resources such as food, shelter, health services and clean water. This assistance helps to restore and save lives and reduce the impact of the crisis on the health of affected individuals and communities. Other programs such as the WHO education program, play a very important role in improving global health. As a result of the programs and work done by WHO all dimensions of health can be improved: Physical health-access to healthcare, food, water and shelter reduces illness and increases life expectancy. Social health-children can attend school and adults are able to work Mental health-self-worth increases with increased capacity.

The role of WHO in improving sustainable HD WHO’s programs also work to promote and improve sustainable HD by providing people with more opportunities, access to education, healthcare, food etc. People can earn an income and therefore have access to the above essential resources. All of which then improve SHD through: An improved standard of living, People being able to lead more productive lives, People being able to participate in their community, And people meeting their needs without compromising opportunities for future generations.

UNICEF The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund was established in 1946 on a temporary basis, to bring relief to European children who had suffered the impact of World War II. Now known as the United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF, the fund is a permanent member of the UN system. A major aim of UNICEF is to reduce the incidence of childhood illnesses – illnesses that often prove fatal in developing countries – and to encourage equality between boys and girls. It also provides protection for children caught up in war and disaster. Some of the means that UNICEF Australia specifically employs in its work are healthcare, education and providing access to safe water and sanitation.

Australian Government Aid initiative-DFAT. The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) DFAT= The new AusAID. What you need to know: What is DFAT. The role DFAT plays in developing programs to improve health and SD. The 6 priorities of the Aust Gov’t aid initiatives.

DFAT The Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) is the leading agency managing the delivery of Australia’s aid initiatives. In 2014, the Australian Government released its new aid policy – ‘Australian aid: promoting prosperity, increasing stability, reducing poverty.’ The focus of the Australian Government’s aid initiatives is on sustainable development to help people overcome poverty in the Asia-Pacific region.

The priorities of Australia’s aid initiatives (DFAT) The Australian Government’s aid programs are guided by six priorities: Economic development, including encouraging trade and private sector investment Health, including supporting the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis Education Empowering women and girls Effective governance Humanitarian aid.

Education Effective governance Empowering women and girls Priorities of Australia's aid initiatives Economic development, including encouraging trade and private sector investment Health, including supporting the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis Education Empowering women and girls Effective governance Humanitarian aid

Australian aid in action The Australian Government provides aid to countries in need for several reasons. For example-In the Asia–Pacific region, aid programs have seen the literacy rate significantly increase, a decrease in the number of children dying each year of preventable diseases, the eradication of polio, more people having access to clean water and fewer people living in poverty.

The role Australian Aid plays in developing programs to improve health and SHD. Australia’s aid promotes global health by targeting several issues that impact significantly on health status, such as water, sanitation and HIV/AIDS. It also promotes sustainable human development, as much of its aid is focused on improving education and the causes of poverty, in order to increase opportunities and promote human development. They also promote approaches that are environmentally sustainable.

An Australian aid (DFAT) initiative Australia’s aid has relocated and rebuilt the Loma Nursing Station in Singatoka, Fiji. The original station was badly affected during heavy rains causing flooding, leaving the local communities without access to healthcare. Australian aid responded by helping to build the new station on higher ground, ensuring its stability and safety in the future and also making it easier for mothers with their babies and children to access, even when the weather is bad. The new station now provides services such as check-ups, treatment and referrals for serious medical conditions. This program has also provided accommodation for nurses, ensuring this healthcare facility is permanently staffed and able to deliver essential healthcare facilities all year round. Q-How does this initiative promote global health and SHD

The role Australian Aid (DFAT) initiatives play in improving health Having child and maternal health programs improves the health of women and children. By providing accessible resources and regular check- ups, treatment and referrals, health can be significantly improved by reducing maternal, under-five and infant mortality rates. These health programs also aid in reducing the burden of disease, improving all dimensions of health, not only for children, but also their mothers who would need to look after them when sick. Improvements in this area will see an increase in life expectancy.

The role Australian Aid (DFAT) initiatives play in improving SHD By improving the health of women through access to healthcare and knowledge of the importance of health, women are given more choices. They are able to make decisions relating to themselves and become active participants and decision makers in their community. Access to health programs also reduces preventable diseases such as malaria, dehydration, measles and diarrhoea. With a reduction in illness, children are more likely to attend school and this increases knowledge and choices for the future. Knowledge learnt can be passed on to future generations. Being educated increases earning capacity and with increased income, standard of living increases as well. The benefits of this program ensure that people can lead productive lives and reach their full potential, contribute to their community and live in accord to their interests and needs.

Australian Aid (DFAT) initiatives Read pg 433-444-A snapshot of Australia’s aid initiative achievements. How do these programs achieve global health and SHD? Activity 12.7

Non-government organisations in Australia (NGOs) Key knowledge. 3 examples of Australian NGO’s The role of Australia’s NGO’s in promoting global health and SHD. An example of an NGO program and how this program promotes global health and SHD.

Non-government organisations in Australia (NGOs) Examples of Australian NGO’s Australian Red Cross CARE Australia Caritas Australia Christian Blind Mission Australia Oxfam Australia Médecins Sans Frontières Plan International Australia Salvation Army TEAR Australia ChildFund Australia World Vision Australia

Non-government organisations in Australia (NGOs) NGO’s provide assistance to those in need both within Australia and overseas. The types of work these organisations undertake include: Emergency relief; Advocacy; Awareness/ addressing of issues such as landmines, food security and globalisation; Provision of resources such as education and healthcare.

Non-government organisations in Australia (NGOs) Why might the Australian government provide funding to non- government organisations? NGOs are effective in reaching the most vulnerable and those in need within a country. NGO’s have been working in countries for many years and have developed strong networks and links which are important in assisting the government achieve its aid priorities. Many NGOs have expertise in working in emergency situations where fast and flexible responses are essential. Many NGOs focus on education and create sustainable long- term programs to help communities. Know 2 of these.

Non-government organisations in Australia (NGOs) Many NGO’s work to provide emergency relief to areas in need, focusing on ensuring health and safety for people affected. They provide resources and support through programs such as: Provision of wells, safe water and sanitation; Bringing food into areas suffering famine; Providing healthcare services including prevention programs for diseases such as malaria and HIV/AIDS.

Non-government organisations in Australia (NGOs) By improving conditions and providing choices and opportunities, NGO’s are able to promote global health and sustainable human development beyond providing emergency aid responding to crisis situations. Red Cross-After the 2009 Victorian bushfires, the Red Cross ran appeals to raise money to support those who had been affected. They also coordinated relief response teams and community centres, providing shelter and a place to sleep, healthy meals and clothes as well as toys and sporting equipment, blood supplies, counsellors and information services where people were able to register missing and safe persons.

Non-government organisations in Australia (NGOs) NGO research task.