 What did the Balfour Declaration declare?  What does PLO stand for?  Who was Iran’s leader from that set up Islamic law in Iran?

a. Identify ethnic conflicts and new nationalisms; include pan-Africanism, pan- Arabism, and the conflicts in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda. c. Analyze terrorism as a form of warfare in the 20th century; include Shining Path, Red Brigade, Hamas, and Al Qaeda; and analyze the impact of terrorism on daily life; include travel, world energy supplies, and financial markets. d. Examine the rise of women as major world leaders; include Golda Meir, Indira Gandhi, and Margaret Thatcher.

 Created in 1980’s  Terrorist attacks against Israel  Imposed Islamic law  Islamic Law: legal system based on Islamic principles and beliefs  Took control of Gaza Strip in 2007  Money for Hamas comes from Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia & Iran VideoVideo

 Hamas and PLO have hatred for European countries and the U.S. Hatred comes from: 1. Dishonesty of Great Britain after WWI 2. UN granting land to Israel 3. Foreign countries meddling in Middle East 4. U.S. military and financial support of Israel

 Ayatollah Khomeini: Iran’s leader from  Set up Islamic law in Iran  Ex: Women must wear a veil, banned Western music and alcohol, punishments under Islamic law  Hated U.S. and Soviet Union  Took over U.S. embassy in Tehran  Held 66 U.S. citizens hostage for 1 year

 Former leaders of Afghanistan  Extreme version of Islamic Law: 1. Women banned from work 2. Women denied education 3. Destroyed all non-Islamic statues  Ex: Destroyed Buddhist statues 100’s of years old  Allowed Islamic militants to train and plan terrorist attacks in Afghanistan  Ex: Osama Bin Laden  Forced out of control by United States after 9/11

 Leader of Al-Qaeda  Al-Qaeda: Islamic terrorists responsible for 9-11 attacks on U.S.  World Trade Center & Pentagon  Blames U.S. and European countries for problems in Middle East  Ex: Creation of Israel, Crusades, 1 st Iraq War  Responsible for the death of 3,000 Americans  Believed to be hiding in the Hindu Kush mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan

 Changed thoughts on air travel  Many airlines went bankrupt  Increased U.S. security  Creation of Department of Homeland Security  Showed small terrorist groups can cause massive damage  Sleeper cells: terrorists who blend into a community until time to strike  Brought fear to Americans  1 st attack on U.S. soil since Pearl Harbor  Changed some U.S. perceptions of Muslims  U.S. President Bush began global war on terror  Ex: Iraq

 Saddam Hussein: former dictator of Iraq  Used Iraq’s oil money to build a large military  Wanted to gain more oil around region  1980: attacked Iran  1990: attacked Kuwait  Led to Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm

1. Operation Desert Shield  1990: Hussein invaded Kuwait  Kuwait has lots of oil  34 countries led by U.S. push Iraq out of Kuwait 2. Iraq War  2002: U.S. believes Saddam Hussein developing nuclear weapons  Hussein denied accusations  March 2003: U.S. and Britain attack Iraq  Government fell in 4 weeks videovideo

Caught 13 December 2003

 July 2003: U.S. troops find Hussein in underground bunker  Hussein tried by Iraq jury and hanged  Religious factions and anti-American terrorists still fighting for control of Iraq  Ex: Kurds, Sunnis, Shiites, al-Qaeda, PLO, Hamas  video video