The problems to be faced are vast and complex, but come down to this; 7 billion people are breeding exponentially. The process of fulfilling their wants and needs is stripping Earth of its biotic capacity to produce life; a climatic burst of consumption by a single species is overwhelming the skies, earth, waters, and fauna. -Paul Hawken

Demography The study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations and the causes and consequences of changes in these characteristics is known as demography. The changes in human populations can have an impact on health, social, economic, and environmental effects.

So what is happening with the world’s population? Birthrates have come down but the population is still continuing to grow. Deathrates have come down more than birthrates but we still continue to grow exponentially – with 97% of the new population being in developing countries.

Some stats: World’s population growth dropped from 2.2% to 1.2% from 1963 to 2008. BUT the population doubled: 3.2B – 6.7B In 2008, 80M people were added to the planet (2.5 Canada’s!!) Developed countries have a growth rate of 0.2% while developing countries have a growth rate of 1.5% - eight times faster! Developing countries have 5.7B people and are expected to reach 8B by 2050 while developed countries will stay about the same at 1.2B India, China, USA, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Nigeria are expected to have the highest growth rates.

Now your time to work!!

Turn to page 184 and read the case study. Thailand reduced its growth in only fifteen years. 1971, 3.2% growth rate and it dropped to 0.8% in 1986. 1) family planning through government 2)literacy rates in women 3) increased economic role for women 4) better health care for women/children 5) encouragement of contraceptives 6) people involved had loans to add drinking water and toilets 7) education and economic rewards for family planning 8) great at lowering birthrate but has increased pollution 9) not great public health 10) poor air quality

What affects population size? Births, deaths, and migration. Births + immigration = increase Deaths + emigration = decrease

Are we growing exponentially? YES!! – any birthrate that is above 1% grows exponentially over a period of time. It has slowed down but still grows.

World Population: 1963-2008 The population has doubled but the birthrate has was almost cut in half. 80,000,000 were added in 2008!

Developed vs. Developing Developed countries have a birthrate of 0.2% whereas developing countries have a birthrate of 1.5%. The population is much larger in developing countries therefore the populations are going to cause a global population to continue to increase.

Who grows the fastest? India, China, USA, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Nigeria.

What was the population of China in 2008? Predicted 2025? 1.3 billion – 1.5 billion What was the population of India in 2008? Predicted 2025? 1.1 billion – 1.4 billion What was the population of Canada in 2008? Predicted 2025? 33 million – 38 million

Rule of 70 Used to calculate the doubling time of a population by using the percentage growth rate. 70/1.2 = 58.3 years for Earth!

Figure 10.6

Five Factors that affect Birthrates Cost for raising and educating children Education and employment opportunities for women Infant deaths Marriage age Availability of contraceptives and abortions

Factors that affect Deathrate Availability of food Better nutrition Advances in medicine Improved sanitation Safer water supply … all in all… deathrates are declining due to technological advances and improved health care for individuals.

Immigration to Canada From 1500-1700, 6 million immigrants moved to Canada. From 1820-1900, 50 million Europeans immigrated to North America.

Figure 10.11

2031? ¼ of Canadians will be over the age of 65.

Age Structure By looking at populations of young, middle, and older age groups this can determine how fast a population can grow. If you have a population that is older than majority the population cannot grow as they have past the reproductive stages. If they are too young, it won’t grow but will eventually hit a massive reproduction phase If they are in the middle, they are right at the time of reproduction.

Age Structure Diagrams

World Population Statistic 28% of the world’s population in 2008 were under the age of 15…. What is going to happen?!!? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LF15YAvT9G0&feat ure=related

India’s attempt to reduce population growth Continues to grow and is expected to surpass China – has currently 17% of world’s population Poverty Malnutrition Environmental problems – degraded forests, soil resources, waterlogging, salinization, overgrazing, and deforestation 2/3 of water is polluted and sanitation is inadequate Family planning: poor planning, bureaucratic ineffeciency, the low status of women, extreme poverty, and lack of administrative and financial support. Families feel they need more children to help bring money into the home and care for them in old age Need for a male heir