SURVEILLANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT DURING THE LATTER STAGES OF ERADICATION AUSTRALIA BRIAN RADUNZ

Qld NSW SA WA Vic Tas NT Darwin Ayers Rock Great Barrier Reef Sydney Perth

Eastern and Southern Australia farming areas 150,000 properties small herd size (<100 average) some herds up to head TB free by mid 1980s

TB eradication by standard test and slaughter techniques Europe North America New Zealand

Central and Northern Australia Extensive grazing < 2000 properties large herd size ( ,000) large property size (3-10 head per sq km) sq kms

TB ERADICATION Paddocks Bush area (uncontrolled parts of property)

test and slaughter weaner segregation paddock checks destocking (age and bush) completion of destocking

New Steel Yard

AGE DESTOCKING higher prevalence aged cows and bulls in controlled areas (early in campaign)

BUSH DESTOCKING all cattle from bush areas (uncontrolled areas)

BREAKDOWN DESTOCKING exposed cattle (later in campaign) in response to a breakdown

Bush Destocking muster (3-5 years) chopper shooting (1-2 years) radio tracking (5-7 years)

Radio tracking to complete destocking JUDAS ANIMALS

FERAL PIGS very common on the flood plains near Darwin

TB (M. bovis) in feral pigs is closely associated with TB infected cattle and buffalo No TB found in pigs since infected cattle and buffalo removed Strong evidence that in the Northern Territory the feral pig is an end-host McInerney et al 1995, Australian Veterinary Journal, 72:

Risk Management and field surveillance during latter stages of the campaign Increasing TB testing prior to quarantine release Additional surveillance testing after quarantine release Destocking exposed cattle as the primary eradication tool TB testing used to confirm that low risk cattle were not infected

HERD TB STATUS PROGRESSION Infected whole herd negative test (>60 days) Restricted whole herd negative test at least 6 months later Provisionally Clear (QR1) whole herd negative test at least 6 months later

Confirmed Free 1(QR2) whole herd negative test at least 12 months later Confirmed Free 2 (QR3) negative test of exposed animals within 8 years Confirmed Free 3

In 1999 the Confirmed Free 3 surveillance was replaced with additional risk management and accelerated commercial slaughter incentives and disincentives applied financial assistance to accelerate slaughter of exposed cows reduced financial assistance in the event of a TB case if no compliance

Herds infected with TB from 1 January 1988 to 31 December 1999 and NOT totally destocked Older than 12 months at exposure Less than 12 months at exposure Category A cattleCategory B cattle Annual TB test of cattle and any in-contact cattle until slaughter TB test of cattle and any in-contact cattle every 2 years until slaughter

Primary cases of tuberculosis from Last TB in cattle Two adjacent water buffalo herds BTEC TFAP

Qld 2000 NSW 1995 SA 1996 WA 1998 Vic 1991 Tas 1975 NT 1999 Last TB Case in Cattle

Abattoir Surveillance National Granuloma Submission Program (NGSP)

To increase the sensitivity of the abattoir monitoring system Started late 1992 ALL granulomas submitted to laboratory 8-9 M cattle slaughtered annually

Kills Ms Granulomas TB detected 5710* * 2 Clusters each with 3 primary cases in each cluster

NGSP2 Targeted NGSP Started October 2002 Phased in introduction - based on date of last TB case Very low risk States meat inspector to submit granuloma only if unsure of the cause Low risk States granulomas from head and thorax only

From January 2007 in all States inspectors will submit only granulomas if unsure of the cause From 2007 TB exclusion will be part of general surveillance

Origin of granulomas % Thorax23 Head72 Abdomen 3 Other 2

Diagnosis of granulomas during TFAP ( ) % Actinobacillosis49 Rhodococcus12 Neoplasm 7 Parasitic 4 Fungal 2 Nocardia 1 Other 20 No Diagnosis 5 Tuberculosis0.04

REASONS FOR SUCCESS IN ERADICATION strong government and industry support joint industry and government funding and decision making industry funded 50%

strong technical basis no wildlife reservoir hosts consistent implementation

risk manage exposed cattle in latter stages of the campaign granuloma submission program in latter stages of the program