The Rise of Maya Civilization

Building a Civilization in the Rain Forest 2.1 A

Challenges of the Rain Forest The classic Maya settled in the Yucatan Peninsula in modern-day Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, SE Mexico Dense rainforest covered much of the land and made farming difficult Climate was hot, dry, humid

Challenges Contd. Depended on seasonal rainfall for water Rain soaked through limestone bedrock, leaving little surface water

City Centers Built immense ceremonial centers/city states at different sites At Tikal, built temple one, a 130 ft. high step pyramid. Several city states, not one united country

Classic Maya Adaptations Successfully farmed in the rain forest by: – using slash and burn agriculture. – Raised fields – Irrigated gardens Planted and harvested corn, squash, and beans. Mayan Families spread out – learned to cooperate in food production

Maya Social and Political Organization 2.1 B

Lord Considered a god- king Responsible for political leadership Lords, mostly men, Women had great influence on political decisions

Nobles Lived near ceremonial centers and helped lords run cities Gathered taxes, supplies, and labor for construction projects Served as war captains who led peasant armies during war

Priests Were powerful because they maintained favor with the gods. Led religious rituals, calculated positions of stars, and treated the sick Practiced human sacrifice on a limited scale

Merchants/ Artisans Merchants traded salt, cotton, fish, and animal skins for obsidian, jade, quetzal feathers, copal, and cocoa beans over long distances Artisans produced sculptures, codices, and murals to pay tribute to gods

Peasants Men worked in fields Women managed household Rewarded for their loyalty by being allowed to attend royal marriages and important religious ceremonies

Slaves Recruited from surplus children, war prisoners, and criminals Required to do difficult or undesirable tasks like grinding maize Not badly treated, but were sometime killed and buried with master

Noteworthy Achievements of the Maya 2.1 C

Legends Legends were recorded on stelae, urns, murals, and codices No Classic Maya literature survives, but legends in Popol Vuh, the mayan creation myth.

Hieroglyphics Only native American people to develop a complete writing system Represented ideas and objects with block like symbols or glyphs.

Architecture Structures not as massive as in other cultures Notes for its decorative stone work, graceful statues, intricate facades, and ornamental roofs Distinctive feature was the corbeled arch

How Do We Know?

Mathematics Sophisticated number system based on units of twenty, written with bars for 5s, dots for 1s, and sign for 0.

Astronomy Had exact knowledge of moon phases Able to predict eclipses of the sun and moon

Tikal, Guatemala

Calendars Religious obsession with time for predicting future led to development of calendars Calendars were complex systems using several interlocking cycles of time.

Ball Game Splendid courts still stand at many Maya sites (e.g. Tikal) Game played both for recreation and religious purposes.

Solving the Mystery of the Lost Maya

Copan’s Glyph – a leaf-nosed bat!

Tikal

Copan

The Calendar Wheels: Used for Astronomical Predictions Vague Year: 365 days – 18 months, 20 days per month – 5 leftover days, no leap years Sacred Round: 260 day year – Cermonial – Based on the length of time a woman is pregnant – Based on 1-13 repeating with 20 day names in two interlocking wheels