© T. M. Whitmore TODAY Agricultural and Rural Development Issues Internal colonization Amazonia continued Amazonian & tropical deforestation Contemporary agriculture in LA Population Geography of LA
© T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME Agricultural & Rural Development III: Modernization of agriculture: The “Green Revolution” IV: Dual agricultural systems or “The Productivity Paradox” V: Internal Colonization of Tropical Lowlands
© T. M. Whitmore Tropical DeforestationDeforestation Deforestation ratesrates Causes Agricultural clearing Pasture clearing Timber harvesting Oil exploration/extraction Population growth? Degradation of lands in source areas of migrants Poor land tenure equity in source areas of migrants Urban poverty
© T. M. Whitmore Amazonian deforestation Wider consequences In Brazil speculation and abandoned lands Loss of rare tropical rain forest Destruction of species Destruction of Indigenous people’s traditional livelihood Consequences for global warming Fails to solve land tenure problem Local weather impacts Solutions?
© T. M. Whitmore Mexican Agriculture-examples Dual system spatially and functionally Regions in Mexican agriculture Northern irrigated oasesirrigated Mesa Central and BajíoBajío Commercial, specialty, & small holderspecialty Southern highland Mexico, lowlands near Gulf of Mexico, and Yucatan Southern highland Mexico, lowlands near Gulf of Mexico, and Yucatan Commercial & small holdersmall holder
Bajío
Irrigated maize in Bajío
Tequila
Pulque (like tequila & mezcal, pulque is from maguey, a species of agave – not a cactus
Magueys in fallow field C. Mexico
© T. M. Whitmore Traditional maize cob storage
Milpa (i.e., field – usually corn) in Chiapas
© T. M. Whitmore Commercial Agriculture in LA Argentina Chilean central valley Brazil Peru’s coastal oasescoastal Columbia’s coffee Columbia’s Specialty crops: coca, flowers, fernscocaflowersferns Central America’s 3 Cs3 C
Pampas Wines
Argentine Soy (98% GMO)
© T. M. Whitmore Soy Citrus Fruit
© T. M. Whitmore
Cut flower cultivation on ancient terraces; near Tarma, Peru
© T. M. Whitmore Cut flower cultivation on ancient terraces; near Tarma, Peru
© T. M. Whitmore Fern growth under mesh In cloud forest in the Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala
© T. M. Whitmore
coffee Tropical plantation crops Cotton, sugar
© T. M. Whitmore
Population (2006 estimates) Latin America & Caribbean ~ 566 m USA ~ 300 m World ~ 6,555 m Caribbean ~ 39 m Central America (with Mexico) ~ 149 m Mexico ~ 108 m South America (with Brazil ~ 378 m) Brazil ~ 187 m Mexico + Brazil ~ 295 m (> ½ of LA; ~ USA)
© T. M. Whitmore Demography: Growth related Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) Meaning of “crude” in demography Crude Birth Rate (CBR): live births/1000 pop in a given year Crude Death Rate (CDR): deaths/1000 pop in a given year CBR - CDR = RNI (assumes no migration) in a given year
© T. M. Whitmore Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)/yr Latin America ~ 1.5%/yr USA ~ 0.6%/yr World ~ 1.2%/yr More Developed World ~ 0.1%/yr Lesser developed world ~ 1.5% - 1.8%/yr Caribbean ~ 1.2%/yr Central America (including Mexico) ~ 1.9% Mexico ~ 1.7 %/yr South America (including Brazil) ~ 1.4%/yr Brazil ~ 1.4%/yr Notable extremes Historical trends: 1950s s Declining but less rapidly now
© T. M. Whitmore Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = average total number of births to a woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR) ~ 2.1 => parents only replacing themselves (called replacement level fertility) need the extra 0.1 due to childhood deaths
© T. M. Whitmore Fertility (TFR) Latin America ~ 2.5 USA ~ 2.0 World ~ 2.7 More Developed World ~ 1.6 Lesser developed world ~ Caribbean ~ 2.6 Central America (including Mexico) ~ 2.7 Mexico ~ 2.4 South America (including Brazil) ~ 2.4 Brazil ~ 2.3 Notable extremes
© T. M. Whitmore Death related (mortality) Mortality measured by “life expectancy at birth” (E o) = AVERAGE projected span of life at the date for a poplife expectancy at birthE o Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)IMR # deaths of infants (< 1yr)/1000 live births in a given yr
© T. M. Whitmore Life expectancy at birth (E o) Latin America ~ 72 yrs USA ~ 78 World ~ 67 More Developed World ~ 77 Lesser developed world ~ 63 – 65 Caribbean ~ 69 Central America (including Mexico) ~ 74 Mexico ~ 75 South America (including Brazil) ~ 72 Brazil ~ 72 Individual extremes
© T. M. Whitmore Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Closely correlated with E o & very diagnostic of social underdevelopment and poverty Latin America ~ 29 (per 1000 live births -or 2.9%) USA ~ 6.9 World ~ 55 More Developed World ~ 7 Lesser developed world ~ 61 – 64 Caribbean ~ 38 Central America (including Mexico) ~ 27 Mexico ~ 25 South America (including Brazil) ~ 30 Brazil ~ 33 Individual extremes
© T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - youth Youthful pops: % of pop < 15 years old USA 20% World 29% Lesser developed World 32% - 35% More Developed World ~ 17% Latin America 30% Central America with Mexico 34% Caribbean 34% South America 29% Latin American extremes & consequences
© T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - aged Aged pops: (> 65) USA 12% World 7% Lesser developed World 5% Latin America 6% Central America with Mexico 5% Caribbean 8% South America 6% Latin American extremes & consequences
© T. M. Whitmore Population age structures Population pyramidpyramid Concept of dependency ratio (pop aged pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age USA dependency ratio 100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47 Developing world dependency ratio 100*(32% + 5%)/63% = 59 Latin America dependency ratio 100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56
© T. M. Whitmore