© T. M. Whitmore TODAY Agricultural and Rural Development Issues  Internal colonization  Amazonia continued Amazonian & tropical deforestation Contemporary agriculture in LA Population Geography of LA

© T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME Agricultural & Rural Development  III: Modernization of agriculture: The “Green Revolution”  IV: Dual agricultural systems or “The Productivity Paradox”  V: Internal Colonization of Tropical Lowlands

© T. M. Whitmore Tropical DeforestationDeforestation Deforestation ratesrates Causes  Agricultural clearing  Pasture clearing  Timber harvesting  Oil exploration/extraction  Population growth?  Degradation of lands in source areas of migrants  Poor land tenure equity in source areas of migrants  Urban poverty

© T. M. Whitmore Amazonian deforestation Wider consequences  In Brazil  speculation and abandoned lands  Loss of rare tropical rain forest  Destruction of species  Destruction of Indigenous people’s traditional livelihood  Consequences for global warming  Fails to solve land tenure problem  Local weather impacts Solutions?

© T. M. Whitmore Mexican Agriculture-examples Dual system spatially and functionally Regions in Mexican agriculture  Northern irrigated oasesirrigated  Mesa Central and BajíoBajío  Commercial, specialty, & small holderspecialty  Southern highland Mexico, lowlands near Gulf of Mexico, and Yucatan Southern highland Mexico, lowlands near Gulf of Mexico, and Yucatan  Commercial & small holdersmall holder

Bajío

Irrigated maize in Bajío

Tequila

Pulque (like tequila & mezcal, pulque is from maguey, a species of agave – not a cactus

Magueys in fallow field C. Mexico

© T. M. Whitmore Traditional maize cob storage

Milpa (i.e., field – usually corn) in Chiapas

© T. M. Whitmore Commercial Agriculture in LA Argentina Chilean central valley Brazil Peru’s coastal oasescoastal Columbia’s coffee Columbia’s Specialty crops: coca, flowers, fernscocaflowersferns Central America’s 3 Cs3 C

Pampas Wines

Argentine Soy (98% GMO)

© T. M. Whitmore Soy Citrus Fruit

© T. M. Whitmore

Cut flower cultivation on ancient terraces; near Tarma, Peru

© T. M. Whitmore Cut flower cultivation on ancient terraces; near Tarma, Peru

© T. M. Whitmore Fern growth under mesh In cloud forest in the Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala

© T. M. Whitmore

coffee Tropical plantation crops Cotton, sugar

© T. M. Whitmore

Population (2006 estimates) Latin America & Caribbean ~ 566 m USA ~ 300 m World ~ 6,555 m Caribbean ~ 39 m Central America (with Mexico) ~ 149 m Mexico ~ 108 m South America (with Brazil ~ 378 m) Brazil ~ 187 m Mexico + Brazil ~ 295 m (> ½ of LA; ~ USA)

© T. M. Whitmore Demography: Growth related Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)  Meaning of “crude” in demography  Crude Birth Rate (CBR): live births/1000 pop in a given year  Crude Death Rate (CDR): deaths/1000 pop in a given year  CBR - CDR = RNI (assumes no migration) in a given year

© T. M. Whitmore Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)/yr Latin America ~ 1.5%/yr USA ~ 0.6%/yr World ~ 1.2%/yr More Developed World ~ 0.1%/yr Lesser developed world ~ 1.5% - 1.8%/yr Caribbean ~ 1.2%/yr Central America (including Mexico) ~ 1.9% Mexico ~ 1.7 %/yr South America (including Brazil) ~ 1.4%/yr  Brazil ~ 1.4%/yr Notable extremes Historical trends: 1950s s  Declining but less rapidly now

© T. M. Whitmore Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = average total number of births to a woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR) ~ 2.1 => parents only replacing themselves (called replacement level fertility)  need the extra 0.1 due to childhood deaths

© T. M. Whitmore Fertility (TFR) Latin America ~ 2.5 USA ~ 2.0 World ~ 2.7 More Developed World ~ 1.6 Lesser developed world ~ Caribbean ~ 2.6 Central America (including Mexico) ~ 2.7 Mexico ~ 2.4 South America (including Brazil) ~ 2.4 Brazil ~ 2.3 Notable extremes

© T. M. Whitmore Death related (mortality) Mortality  measured by “life expectancy at birth” (E o) = AVERAGE projected span of life at the date for a poplife expectancy at birthE o Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)IMR  # deaths of infants (< 1yr)/1000 live births in a given yr

© T. M. Whitmore Life expectancy at birth (E o) Latin America ~ 72 yrs USA ~ 78 World ~ 67 More Developed World ~ 77 Lesser developed world ~ 63 – 65 Caribbean ~ 69 Central America (including Mexico) ~ 74 Mexico ~ 75 South America (including Brazil) ~ 72 Brazil ~ 72 Individual extremes

© T. M. Whitmore Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Closely correlated with E o & very diagnostic of social underdevelopment and poverty Latin America ~ 29 (per 1000 live births -or 2.9%) USA ~ 6.9 World ~ 55 More Developed World ~ 7 Lesser developed world ~ 61 – 64 Caribbean ~ 38 Central America (including Mexico) ~ 27 Mexico ~ 25 South America (including Brazil) ~ 30 Brazil ~ 33 Individual extremes

© T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - youth Youthful pops: % of pop < 15 years old USA 20% World 29%  Lesser developed World 32% - 35%  More Developed World ~ 17% Latin America 30%  Central America with Mexico 34%  Caribbean 34%  South America 29% Latin American extremes & consequences

© T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - aged Aged pops: (> 65) USA 12% World 7%  Lesser developed World 5% Latin America 6%  Central America with Mexico 5%  Caribbean 8%  South America 6% Latin American extremes & consequences

© T. M. Whitmore Population age structures Population pyramidpyramid Concept of dependency ratio  (pop aged pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age USA dependency ratio  100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47 Developing world dependency ratio  100*(32% + 5%)/63% = 59 Latin America dependency ratio  100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56

© T. M. Whitmore