Unit 6: Motivation & Learning Day 2: Hunger, Body Image, & Belonging DAILY COMMENTARY (in a spiral notebook!): What are the differences between the human hunger drive and human sex drive? When do you eat and why? For tonight: REQUIRED: Kelly Johnson article (download PDF on website) Use to complete Unit 6 packet Optional: Myers 481-497 RJ 6.3 & 6.4

Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion, & Stress Day 2: Hunger, Body Image, & Belonging ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: What motivations drive human behavior? How do humans experience and express emotions? Today’s Objective: I can explain the role of the hypothalamus in hunger I can distinguish between anorexia and bulemia I can define the sexual response cycle Today: Daily Commentary Review Motivation Theories Hunger PsychSim 5 Open note FRQ Review States of Consciousness

Maslow’s Advertising Slogans! In groups of 2-3, create advertising slogans for the following products. Make sure you have one ad slogan to appeal to each level of Maslow’s Hierarchy. A sneaker / shoe company a college / university Make up or other beauty product Home security system Milk or other food product An online dating service 10 minutes – GO.

Basic rule of Motivation We do things because we either want to: Want something Want to avoid something

Perspectives on Motivation Four perspectives to explain motivation: Instinct Theory Drive-Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Hierarchy of Motives OBJECTIVE 1| Define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and name four perspectives useful for studying motivated behaviors.

Hunger When do we eat? When we are hungry. When are we hungry? When there is no food in our stomach. How do we know when our stomach is empty? Our stomach growls. These are also called hunger pangs.

The Physiology of Hunger Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger. OBJECTIVE 6| Describe the physiological determinants of hunger.

Stomachs Removed Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).

Glucose: C6H12O6 The glucose level in blood is maintained. Insulin decreases glucose in the blood, making us feel hungry. Glucose Molecule

Glucose & the Brain Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain. Rat Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic Centers The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (stimulation). Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating. The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads rats to eat ravenously.

Hypothalamic Centers The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (repression). Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats excessively. Richard Howard

Set-Point Theory Manipulating the lateral and the ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight thermostat.” If weight is lost, food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases. If weight is gained, the opposite takes place.

The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that Appetite Hormones Hormone Tissue Response Orexin increase Hypothalamus Increases hunger Ghrelin increase Stomach Insulin increase Pancreas Leptin increase Fat cells Decreases hunger PPY increase Digestive tract The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that are related to hunger.

The Psychology of Hunger Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food (Rozin et al., 1998). OBJECTIVE 7| Discuss psychological and cultural influences on hunger.

Taste Preference: Biology or Culture? Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for! Richard Olsenius/ Black Star Victor Englebert

Hot Cultures like Hot Spices Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

Summary

The Need to Belong “[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our need to belong. OBJECTIVE 17| Describe the adaptive value of social attachments, and identify both healthy and unhealthy consequences of our need to belong. 20th Century Fox/ Dreamworks/ The Kobal Collection “Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers from social starvation.

Aiding Survival Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival rates. These bonds led to the following: Protecting against predators, especially for the young. Procuring food. Reproducing the next offspring.

Belongingness Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our thinking and emotions. Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others increases our self-esteem. Social segregation decreases it. Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking social bonds, even bad ones. Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization, depression, and at times nasty behavior. Fortifying Health: People who tend to have close friends are happier and healthier.

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa: A condition in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent woman) continuously loses weight but still feels overweight. OBJECTIVE 8| Explain how the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa demonstrate the influence of psychological forces on physiologically motivated behaviors. Reprinted by permission of The New England Journal of Medicine, 207, (Oct 5, 1932), 613-617. Lisa O’Connor/ Zuma/ Corbis

Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa: A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Reasons for Eating Disorders Sexual Abuse: Childhood sexual abuse can, but does not always cause eating disorders. Family: Younger generations develop eating disorders when raised in families in which weight is an excessive concern. Genetics: Twin studies show that eating disorders are more likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins.

Body Image (Women) Western culture tends to place more emphasis on a thin body image in comparison to other cultures.

PsychSim5 Module On your computers or online, go to: Complete “Hunger and the Fat Rat” module Use information to fill in your notes, complete portions of your unit packet, etc. Write an explanation hunger and the challenges of weight loss using the following terms: Lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, set point Extra time? Read “Human Sexual Motivation” article by Kelly M. Johnson (on edmodo; some print copies available)