CHAPTER 1 – UNITY IN DIVERSITY

UNITY IN DIVERSITY MARS VS EARTH (WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL?!?)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY WHAT IS SCIENCE? AN ORGANIZED WAY OF LOOKING AT THE WORLD AND EXPLAINING OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA WHAT DO WE OBSERVE IS THE PHENOMENA BETWEEN MARS AND EARTH? LIFE VS. NO LIFE BIOLOGY IS THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN “LIFE”

UNITY IN DIVERSITY BIOLOGY THE STUDY OF LIVING THINGS

UNITY IN DIVERSITY IN ORDER TO FULLY UNDERSTAND BIOLOGY, WE MUST UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING AS THE FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY HOW TO DEFINE LIFE HOW TO USE SCIENCE IN EXPLAINING BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (HOW TO THINK LIKE A SCIENTIST) HOW TO ORGANIZE LIFE INTO MANAGEABLE TOPICS/GROUPS OF STUDY (CLASSIFICATION)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ALIVE?? THERE IS NO EASY ANSWER/DEFINITION TO THIS QUESTION…SO WHAT CAN WE DO TO FIGURE OUT IF SOMETHING IS “ALIVE”??

UNITY IN DIVERSITY WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN LIVING THINGS GROW LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE GROUPS OF LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME (EVOLUTION)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY SAY HELLO TO THE EBOLA VIRUS… IS IT ALIVE?? DOES IT MEET ALL THE CRITERIA MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY??

UNITY IN DIVERSITY WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES - CHECK LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS - CHECK LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY - CHECK LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE - CHECK LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN - CHECK LIVING THINGS GROW - CHECK LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT - CHECK LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE – FAIL!!

UNITY IN DIVERSITY NON-LIVING THINGS MAY EXHIBIT SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS LISTED, BUT UNLESS ALL OF THEM ARE PRESENT…IT IS CONSIDERED A NONLIVING THING

LIFE PROCESSES UNITY IN DIVERSITY ANOTHER WAY TO DETERMINE IF SOMETHING IS LIVING IS IF IT PERFORMS ALL OF THE… LIFE PROCESSES

UNITY IN DIVERSITY LIFE PROCESSES = H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R. (“HUNTERS GERMER”)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY H = HOMEOSTASIS G = GROWTH N = NUTRITION E = EXCRETION T = TRANSPORT R = REGULATION R = RESPIRATION M = METABOLISM S = SYNTHESIS R = REPRODUCTION

UNITY IN DIVERSITY HOMEOSTASIS MAINTAINING A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT “FEEDBACK” MECHANISMS

UNITY IN DIVERSITY NUTRITION TAKING MATERIALS FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND TURNING THEM INTO FORMS YOU CAN USE AUTOTROPHIC VS. HETEROTROPHIC INGESTION VS. DIGESTION VS. EGESTION

UNITY IN DIVERSITY TRANSPORT THE PROCESS BY WHICH SUBSTANCES ENTER AND LEAVE CELLS AND BECOME DISTRIBUTED WITHIN THE CELLS *CIRCULATORY SYSTEM* SPECIALIZED SYSTEM TO ALLOW FOR TRANSPORT

UNITY IN DIVERSITY RESPIRATION BREATHING VS. CELLULAR RESPIRATION AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC

UNITY IN DIVERSITY SYNTHESIS COMBINING SIMPLE SUBSTANCES TO FORM LARGER, MORE COMPLEX SUBSTANCES

UNITY IN DIVERSITY GROWTH PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS INCREASE IN SIZE (EITHER # OF CELLS, OR SIZE OF CELL)

UNITY IN DIVERSITY EXCRETION THE REMOVAL OF METABOLIC WASTES

UNITY IN DIVERSITY REGULATION ALL THE ACTIVITIES THAT HELP AN ORGANISM MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS A.K.A “RESPONSE”

UNITY IN DIVERSITY METABOLISM ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS (RxNS) THAT OCCUR IN THE BODY

UNITY IN DIVERSITY REPRODUCTION THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING THINGS PRODUCE NEW ORGANISMS OF THEIR OWN KIND ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL *ONLY PROCESS THAT IS NOT NECESSARY FOR INDIVIDUAL*

UNITY IN DIVERSITY ALWAYS REMEMBER… H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R

UNITY IN DIVERSITY NEXT TIME… WE TALK ABOUT WHY I, AND YOU, LOVE SCIENCE LEARN TO THINK, AND ACT, LIKE A SCIENTIST

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD THE UNIVERSAL SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO PROBLEM- SOLVING

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM IS PHRASED IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION EXAMPLE?? FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS A HYPOTHESIS IS AN EDUCATED GUESS (*POSSIBLE EXPLANATION*) “IF, THEN” STATEMENT NEVER IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION!!!!! EXAMPLE???

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS – EXPERIMENTATION SCIENTISTS WILL SET UP A SITUATION WHERE A PARTICULAR OBSERVATION CAN BE MADE OFTEN SCIENTISTS USE CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS TWO, OR MORE, EXPERIMENTS ARE SET UP WHERE ONLY A SINGLE FACTOR IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THEM THAT SINGLE FACTOR IS CALLED A VARIABLE

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT CONTROL GROUP VS. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE THE PLACEBO EFFECT

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE OBSERVE AND RECORD DATA ANALYZE DATA DRAW CONCLUSIONS RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST SCIENTIFIC THEORIES EXPLANATIONS THAT APPLY TO A BROAD RANGE OF PHENOMENA AND THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SCIENTIFIC LAWS A STATEMENT THAT DESCRIBES SOME ASPECT OF A PHENOMENA THAT IS ALWAYS TRUE…NOT AN EXPLANATION!!!

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE SI SYSTEM

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE TOOLS OF THE BIOLOGIST LABORATORY TECHNIQUES THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE THE PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE THE STEREOMICROSCOPE THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE LABORATORY TECHNIQUES CENTRIFUGATION MICRODISSECTION CHROMATOGRAPHY ELECTROPHORESIS SPECTROPHOTOMETERS

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE MAGNIFICATION VS. RESOLUTION

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPES

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE STEREOMICROSCOPES HELPFUL TO SEE EXTERIOR SURFACES, USUALLY PROVIDES A MORE 3-D IMAGE

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE ELECTRON MICROSCOPES TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE ELECTRON MICROSCOPES TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNIQUES CENTRIFUGATION CHROMATOGRAPHY ELECTROPHORESIS

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE LET’S KEEP LEARNING…SO YOU ARE ALL SMART ENOUGH TO AVOID DOING…

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS ABOUT HOW MANY LIVING THINGS EXIST ON EARTH? 1.5 MILLION KNOWN ORGANISMS THOUSANDS MORE IDENTIFIED EACH YEAR ABOUT 10 MILLION DIFFERENT ORGANISMS BELIEVED TO EXIST ON EARTH

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS WITH SO MANY DIFFERENT LIVING THINGS, IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SCIENTISTS TO ORGANIZE THEM TO MAKE IT EASIER TO SHARE, AND STUDY, INFORMATION ABOUT LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH CLASSIFICATION (GROUPING) AND NAMING LIVING THINGS IS CALLED… TAXONOMY

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS WHY ORGANIZE??

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS EARLY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM BASED UPON THE WORK OF CAROLUS LINNAEUS ISN’T HE A HOTTIE?!?!?

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS IF YOU WERE TO GROUP THINGS TOGETHER, WHAT WOULD YOU USE? LINNAEUS GROUPED THINGS BASED ON PHYSICAL(STRUCTURAL) SIMILARITY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GROUPS WERE CREATED TO DEMONSTRATE VARIOUS LEVELS OF SIMILARITY

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FLAT GLASS SQUARES

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS A BONUS OF THIS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IS THAT IT LED TO A SIMPLE METHOD FOR NOMENCLATURE = “NAMING SYSTEM” BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE TWO NAME NAMING SYSTEM TWO NAMES COME FROM THE GENUS AND SPECIES GROUPS OF CLASSIFICATION SCIENTIFIC NAME WHY IS THIS SO IMPORTANT??

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS WHAT MAKES LIVING THINGS THE SAME SPECIES? SPECIES A POPULATION OF ORGANISMS THAT IS ABLE TO REPRODUCE WITH EACH OTHER AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS MODERN TAXONOMICAL PRINCIPLES STRUCTURAL INFORMATION BIOCHEMICAL INFORMATION CYTOLOGICAL INFORMATION EMBRYOLOGICAL INFORMATION BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION FOSSIL INFORMATION

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS MAJOR TAXONOMICAL GROUPS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS KINGDOM – MONERA PROKARYOTES ARCHAEBACTERIA VS. EUBACTERIA KINGDOM – PROTISTA EUKARYOTE AMEBA PARAMECIUM EUGLENA

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS KINGDOM – FUNGI EUKARYOTES HETEROTROPH CELL WALL KINGDOM – PLANTS EUKARYOTES AUTOTROPH CELL WALL

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS KINGDOM – ANIMALS EUKARYOTES HETEROTROPH REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISMS HYDRA EARTHWORM GRASSHOPPER HUMAN

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS WITH GROUPS MADE, SCIENTISTS USE TAXONOMIC KEYS TO CLASSIFY ORGANISMS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS CLASSIFICATION / GROUPING ALLOWS US TO ORGANIZE HOW WE STUDY BIOLOGY LIFE’S HIERARCHY

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS LIFE’S HIERARCHY GIVES US A PLACE TO START DISCUSSING THE SPECIFICS OF HOW LIFE WORKS… SO LET’S GET TO IT!!!