Qualitative Data Collection Strategy, Populations, and Instruments Research Rescue Lab Dr. Kelley Wood

Qualitative Data Collection Topic of Inquiry Literature Survey Research Questions Abstract Introduction Literature Review Research Methods Results / Findings Discussion Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Literature Review This chapter builds the argument, through logic, that is the basis of the study The result of this is the Theoretical Construct, or Conceptual Map, or Literature Map Provides the operational (measurement) definitions of the constructs or factors Theoretical Model Diagram, figure, map Hierarchy, relationship, process, matrix Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research Methods Determine the strategy for collecting data Define the population Develop the Data Collection Instrument Derived from the Qualitative Theoretical Construct, or Literature Map Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research Methods Determine the strategy for collecting data Research problem and research questions Explore and understand a phenomena Little known of the constructs or factors Little research available New populations or groups Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research Methods Determine the strategy for collecting data Employs emerging methods Theory emerges from data Open-ended questions Some semi-structured questions for clarification Interview, observation, documents, media (audio/video), texts, images Concepts to categories to themes to patterns Interpretation Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research Methods Determine the strategy for collecting data Popular Strategies Narrative Phenomenology Ethnography Case study Grounded theory Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research Methods Role of the Researcher Researcher has sustained intensive experience with participants Strategic, ethical, and personal issues can arise Discuss prior experiences with participants, setting or research problem Indicate how these experiences may potentially shape the interpretations the researchers make during the study Comment on the connection between the researchers and participants and the research site that may unduly influence the researcher's interpretations Indicate steps to get IRB permissions Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research Methods Role of the Researcher Discuss steps to gain entry into the setting Why was the site chosen for study? What activities will occur at the site during the research study? Will the study be disruptive? How will the results be reported? What will the gatekeeper gain from the study? Comment about ethical issues that may arise and indicate how the research will address each Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research Methods Define the population Purposeful selection of the participants What is the setting? Who is to be included? Excluded? The event involved? The process involved? Number of participants Small numbers are recommended Avoid saturation Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research Methods Define the population What is the form of the data collected? Interview, observation What documents, media are to be included? Discuss the advantages and the limitations of the population and the data form See Table 9.2 Creswell (2013, pp. 191-192) Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research Methods Develop the Data Collection Instrument Derived from the Qualitative Theoretical Construct, or Literature Map Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Theory Construct or Factor Concept Becomes the… Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Interview or Construct Key Construct or Factor Question Becomes the… Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Purpose of data collection instrument Clarify relationships between concepts To discover more about the phenomena of interest To test propositions Which is really to say we are testing the theoretical construct, or model Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Interviews, Questionnaires, and Surveys Schensul, Schensul, & LeCompte (2009, chapters 6, 7, & 8) Ethnography Process is predicated on the understanding that nothing is really known of a new culture to be studied Uses scientific methodology to develop a greater understanding Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Ethnography Process is predicated on the understanding that nothing is really known of a new culture to be studied Moves from Open-ended Observation Open-ended Interviews Semi-structured Interviews Structured (directed) Surveys Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Ethnography Process is predicated on the understanding that nothing is really known of a new culture to be studied Follows the Mixed Methods pattern Qualitative to Quantitative Development of theory Testing of theory Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Ethnography Process is predicated on the understanding that nothing is really known of a new culture to be studied Follows the sequential mixed methods pattern Qualitative Development and testing of propositions Propositions = local or low level theories Testing Development of theory Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Developing the instrument Follow the continuum of abstraction Observation Description of domains, macro-structural features, cultural continuities Interviews Description of constructs or factors, sub-factors, identification of cultural variation Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Developing the instrument Follow the continuum of abstraction Questionnaire Refined description of constructs or factors, sub-factors, identification of cultural variation Survey Identification of variables, testing of associations and predictive models Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Constructing the instrument Variable (concept) development Domain to Factors to Variables (concepts) Example Domain – Work: Construct or Factor - Satisfaction with job Variables (concepts) Compensation, autonomy, motivation, relationships – coworkers and supervisors or management Position, advancement, relevance, decision making power, support Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Interviews Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Open-ended interviews Schensul, Schensul, & LeCompte (1999, chapter 6) Purpose of the open-ended interview Explore undefined domains Identify new domains Break known domains into factors and subfactors Obtain contextual and historical information to orient the research Build understanding and positive relationships with the study population To understand the individual lived experiences of participants To understand participant’s meaning schemas Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Think of the interview in the continuum of ethnographic methodology Qualitative Open-ended observation Structured observation Observe for specific constructs, interactions, behaviors Open-ended interview Open-ended questions Semi-structured questionnaire Semi-directed questions Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection And the continuum of the data developed Qualitative Open-ended observation Determine initial constructs and domains Structured observation Refine domains and constructs Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection And the continuum of the data developed Qualitative Open-ended interview Deeper understanding of domains and constructs Determine factors that comprise the domains and constructs The factors are your Dependent and Independent Variables Semi-structured questionnaire Specific understanding of factors (variables) Determine subfactors that comprise the factors Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Interview questions relate to a factor Do not go as deep as the variable (concept) Develop data that relates to your research questions Purpose of the questions Open-ended questions Inspire a narrative account of the participant’s experience Inspire the participant to relate naturally Not to meet an expectation Applied to a limited population Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Open-ended questions Represent the factors in the domain Inclusive of a factor or multiple factors Do not lead the response or express bias Prepare probing and clarifying questions Neutral agreement Repeat what is said as a question Ask for more information Ask for their opinion Ask for clarification of discrepancies Ask for clarification of terms and acronyms Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Business and Graduate Studies Exercise 1 In the handout Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Questionnaires Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Open-ended and semi-structured interviews Schensul, Schensul, & LeCompte (1999, chapter 7) Purpose of the semi-structured interview Clarify central domains and factors Operationalize factors into variables (concepts) Develop a preliminary hypothesis Develop the qualitative base for a quantitative survey Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Think of the questionnaire in the continuum of ethnographic methodology Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Open-ended observation Structured observation Observe for specific constructs, interactions, behaviors Open-ended interview Open-ended questions Semi-structured questionnaire Semi-directed questions Quantitative Survey Closed-ended questions Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection And the continuum of the data developed Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Open-ended observation Determine initial constructs and domains Structured observation Refine domains and constructs Open-ended interview Deeper understanding of domains and constructs Determine factors that comprise the domains and constructs The factors are your Dependent and Independent Variables Semi-structured questionnaire Specific understanding of factors (variables) Determine subfactors that comprise the factors Quantitative Survey Measuring the subfactors Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Questions link back directly to a Construct or a Factor Develop data that relates to your research questions Purpose of the questions Semi-structured questions Semi-directed Provide focus Not leading Question does not contain the expected answer Not closed Applied to a larger population with a limited interpretation Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Developing semi-structured questions Use terms and phrases that the participant Will understand Are appropriate to their context Keep the length minimal Avoid leading questions Avoid ‘two for one’ questions Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Developing semi-structured questions Avoid negatively phrased questions Avoid rank ordering Save for the survey Avoid questions that require directions or tasks to complete Avoid yes or no questions Be sensitive to cultural context or social meanings in the questions Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Developing semi-structured questions Ordering the semi-structured questions Temporally – use an arc of time Earliest to latest Complexity – use an arc of complexity Least to most complex Group by topic or domain Topically similar questions together Abstraction – use an arc of abstraction Most concrete to most abstract Threat level Least sensitive to most threatening Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Using both Open-ended and Semi-Structured Questions Lead with open-ended questions Opens the participant up Refreshes their sense of the experience Transition Briefly review what you have heard to clarify Allow them to correct or modify Discuss purpose of the next section without giving too many specifics The next section may ask the participant to repeat or clarify Move to semi-structured questions Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Using both Open-ended and Semi-Structured Questions Transition Briefly review what you have heard to clarify Allow them to correct or modify Closing comments from participant Ask them if there is anything that they wished you asked Or that occurred to them that they would like to share Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Qualitative Data Collection Research article showing a coding key Jehn, K. A. (1997) A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Quarterly 42(3) 530-557 retrieved from ProQuest Social Sciences Journals While you are developing your instruments Interview, Questionnaire, or Survey Develop a coding key Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies

Business and Graduate Studies Exercise 2 In the handout Dr. Kelley Wood Business and Graduate Studies