Update on Quartz Plate Calorimetry Y. Onel HCAL GENERAL MEETING March 27,

2 HE Quartz Plate Upgrade Group: Iowa *, Baylor, Fairfield*, Fermilab*, FIU, Mississippi Trieste, Italy Bogazici U. Istanbul,Turkey Cukurova U, Adana, Turkey ITU, Istanbul, Turkey METU,Ankara, Turkey Rio-CBPF,Brazil Rio-UERJ,Brazil Sao Paulo-Unicamp,Brazil * Lead Groups Extended US Group for HCAL Upgrades: Boston, Minnesota, Princeton, Virginia, Notre Dame

Quartz Plate and New WLS R&D We would like to work towards fabricating and testing liquid scintillator/WLS capillaries, of which we have done many in the past. (For example, see pix below for liquid WLS filled capillaries, the fabrication of which included degassing capabilities). We are also capable of producing novel quartz optically-cladded capillaries with soft scintillator (anthracene) and similar WLS materials (these films anneal rapidly and the radiation damage is minimal). We have also proposed a simple mechanical scheme to replace periodically standard plastic WLS fibers. WLS fibers addressing the raddam issue are essential for reading out either new narrow scintillator tile fingers (Russian proposal), longer-wavelength scintillator tiles, liquid scintillator tiles, and/or Shashlik. 3

Examples of Liquid Fibers: Here are beautiful 2.5mm OD liquid WLS fibers(L), and as packaged to readout coated quartz plates (R) Soft scintillator-filled quartz cladding fibers. WLS would be similar. There are easy methods and commercial vendors to fill such capillaries. 4

Quartz Capillaries tested in the TB 5

6 Capillary Tubes Filled with Anthracene Capillary Tubes perpendicular to the beam (400K-80 GeV e - ) Readout by two miniPMTs at both ends. Charge > 20 fC Both charges > 20 fC Beam 1125 fC ~ 7pe | 1593 fC ~ 10 pe

The tendency is towards Quartz or Liquid tiles and radhard WLS with coated quartz fibers or quartz capilaries with anthracene or Randy's liquid. Some members of my group are working with Randy on the Shaslik. Randy's liquid is more appropriate for Shaslik and not tested within a sealed capilary with Neutrons and protons yet. In fact we will include these raddam tests in our October CERN RADDAM PS schedule on the other hand we have a good alternatives as outlined in our original proposal. 7

Fermilab T-1041 Collaboration T-1041 CMS Forward Calorimetry R&D Experiment Spokespersons: Burak Bilki and Yasar Onel Several groups under one umbrella. Strong collaboration! 8

Fermilab T-1041 Collaboration We are in test beam now! 9

QP Results from T-1041 Nov 13 Run We performed single MIP and shower response comparisons between: -HE Tile -Quartz plate with pTp coating on one side (PMT directly coupled) -Two quartz plates with fibers in between and pTp coating on inner surfaces  Sandwich pTp 120 GeV proton beam 8 GeV positron beam ~ 4.5 X 0 steel 10

QP Results from T-1041 Nov 13 Run MIP response 120 GeV proton beam MIP through fiber Single sided pTp peaks ~ 3 pe HE tile response a factor of ~ 6 higher than sandwich pTp 11

QP Results from T-1041 Nov 13 Run muons Sandwich pTp response a factor of ~ 3.5 higher than single side ptp coated plate, a factor of ~ 3.5 lower than the HE tile. Mixed beam (muon, pions and positrons), pions are cleaned up using the quartz fiber tail catcher calorimeter. 12

13 Projection to a Larger Scale Prototype CMS-NOTE IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Volume 57, Issue 2, , 2010 Quartz plate w/pTp prototype Direct coupling of PMTs Response to pions Projected sandwich pTp prototype performance Compare with the current HE performance Leakage not taken care of

Thin films of scintillator and/or on quartz tiles and fibers: There are a number of options. EX: A sandwich made from few micron films of ZnO:Ga on 100 micron quartz tiles. These films are rad-hard. A sandwich of 7 layers of those tiles (i.e. less than 8mm thick) was tested with muons and produced a well-separated MIP peak with ~25% sE/E. In particular FNAL’s capabilities would be a great help for creating similar and more advanced stacks, sandwiches of WLS/scint films on thin quartz plates, quartz fibers and in & on quartz capillaries. We also would very much like to go ahead with test beams of calorimeters using quartz-based tiles. But then parasitically also add scintillator tiles back-to-back, that between 3 groups could test the tile dual readout. MC estimates for the potential of tile-based Cerenkov Comp look very good, using the data from the few mm thick quartz plates we already tested. It would be a simple matter to add scintillator tiles between the absorbers, next to each quartz plate, and read them as 2 separate calorimeters – Q and Scint. Compared with fiber dual readout, a tile e-m front end using W plates would be far superior to the combined calorimeter, and capable of determining the e-m component of incident jets. 14

There are critical Test Beams at FERMI and CERN, B. Bilki and Y. Onel are Co-PI's for both activities. Iowa group has already spent 68K and put in a great effort to start this TB effort and built some Quartz Plate Prototypes. (We have to get some of this money back since this was spent in FY14). We have a very good idea how to build new " Quartz Plates" and "New Radhard WLS" which we hope will produce a great results. Also we are in process of developing new wls rad-hard fibers. There is an opportunity to test whatever prototype we can build until July and test at FERMI and until Mid-October at CERN and the RADDAM at FERMI and CERN PS by November We put in a great deal of money for the FERMI TB in FY2014 and we can get the right technology thru FERMI and CERN studies. We booked 3 weeks at PS CERN RADDAM facility. We have to tests all of the components-- Quartz and Enchanced quartz related prototypes and new wls- rad-hard using our on-line system with protons, neutrons and gammas. This is also free facility and we have made our arrangements. 15

Fiber Model All the details can be found at “Quartz Plate Calorimeter Prototype With Wavelength Shifting Fibers”, Journal of Instrumentation, JINST_002P_0412, Saint-Gobain (UV-Absorbing Blue Emitting) Scintillating Fiber, good up to 5 MRad (Busjan et al 1999 papers) 1 mm diameter fibers inserted into 9 grooves in quartz plates. This model was based on our precious study: “CMS Hadronic EndCap Calorimeter Upgrade Studies for SLHC - Cerenkov Light Collection from Quartz Plates”, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol 55, Issue 2, , Test fiber 16

WLS Fibers in Quartz Cerenkov light collection inside the quartz is feasible with UV absorbing WLS fibers F. Duru et al. “CMS Hadronic EndCap Calorimeter Upgrade Studies for SLHC - Cerenkov Light Collection from Quartz Plates”, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol 55, Issue 2, ,

18 Covering Quartz Plates with pTp We evaporated PTP over quartz plates

Quartz Plates with PTP 19 PTP evaporation setup, and quartz plate holder

PTP Model All details can be found at: "CMS Hadronic EndCap Calorimeter Upgrade Studies for SLHC Pterphenyl Deposited Quartz Plate Calorimeter Prototype", IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Volume 57, Issue 2, , micron thickness of P-Terphenyl was evaporated on quartz plates in vacuum chambers. We showed that same result can also be obtained By RF sputtering ZnO on quartz

7 layer 700 micron ZnO plate 21 - We have deposited 0.2 micron ZnO (%4 Ga) to “100 micron” thick quartz plates. - This sandwich structure with 0.7 mm total thickness is placed in an aluminum frame and tested for mips on this test beam for the first time. - We got very promising results, for both pion and electron beams. We need to work on this technique to develop future “radiation hard scintillators”.

Things to do Produce at least 2 each 8 mm Quartz Plates made of 100 micron QP’s coated and made as a stack with ZnO-Ga and pTp Produce at least 2 Quart based tiles and add Scintillator tiles back to back to read as Dual Tile readout (C and Scint. simultaneous readout). Produce radhard WLS namely 1) quartz fiber coated- sputtering with a) pTp b) Zno-Ga 2) quartz capillaries filled by anthracene and Randy’s liquid. If funding is available we will produce about 20 coated Quartz 8mm stacks to build a small calorimetry. CRUCIAL is the TB at FERMI AND CERN. Everything is already scheduled during next two years. Crucial is the CERN Irrad which we scheduled for November We will irradiate on-line all our components and system with Neutrons, Proton and Gammas. Without these tests the HE options would not be viable. 22

Conclusions Quartz plate calorimetry still proves to be a viable option.  Radiation hardness in the expense of calorimetric performance.  Several techniques already proven to improve the light output are in hand.  Rigorous R&D ideas awaiting future funding.  Considerable amount of work/ideas on fiber development possible (upon funding) Quartz plate calorimetry is the optimal solution for the first 1-2 λ of HE and for the 2 highest-η towers with no comparable alternatives. 23