Property of Lear Siegler

ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY & CLOUDS Property of Lear Siegler

T L O

ELO 1 Action: The student will identify the different states in which moisture is found in the atmosphere. Condition: Given pertinent information about moisture Standard: IAW FM para 4-2

Moisture States VAPOR / GAS VAPOR / GAS LIQUID / VISIBLE LIQUID / VISIBLE SOLID SOLID Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 2 Action: The student will identify the changes moisture makes from one water state to another. Condition: Given pertinent information about states of moisture Standard: IAW FM para 4-2

Changes in Moisture EvaporationCondensation Fusion (freezing) SublimationMelting

LATENT HEAT Heat energy taken in through evaporation and melting Heat energy taken in through evaporation and melting Heat energy released through condensation and fusion Heat energy released through condensation and fusion Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 3 Action: The student will identify the amount of water vapor contained in a portion of the atmosphere. Condition: Given pertinent information about the water vapor and the atmosphere Standard: IAW FM para 4-3, and 4-4

WATER VAPOR CONTENT Property of Lear Siegler  SATURATION  DEW POINT

WATER VAPOR CONTENT  RELATIVE HUMIDITY Property of Lear Siegler SATURATION  SATURATION DEW POINT  DEW POINT

0 o C 32° F 6 o C 43° F 10 o C 50° F 17 o C 61° F 20 o C 68° F 30 o C 86 o F Property of Lear Siegler

Moist air = less air density = less engine performance

ELO 4 Action: The student will identify the adiabatic process. Condition: Given pertinent information about the water vapor and the atmosphere Standard: IAW FM para 3-6

15° 40° 15° ADIABATIC PROCESS When the temperature of a gas is changed without the addition or deletion of heat energy Property of Lear Siegler

OAT 20° C DEW POINT 14° C RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 70.4% Property of Lear Siegler

OAT 14° C DEW POINT 14° C RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 100% Property of Lear Siegler

OAT 10° C DEW POINT 10° C RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 100% Property of Lear Siegler

OAT 20° C RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 54% DEW POINT 10° C Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 5 Action: The student will identify the moist and dry adiabatic cooling rates. Condition: Given pertinent information about the adiabatic process Standard: IAW FM para 3-6

Dry cooling rate – 3 o per 1,000 ft Dry cooling rate – 3 o per 1,000 ft Moist cooling rate – 1.5 o per 1,000 ft Moist cooling rate – 1.5 o per 1,000 ft

ELO 6 Identify the points where condensation and free convection take place

OLR=2° DP=14° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler

OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 14 ° DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE 3°/1000’ 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler

OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 14 ° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler LEVEL OF CONDENSATION Temperature of the rising air and dew point are the same.

OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler MOIST LAPSE RATE 1.5°/1000’ 8°8° 12.5 ° 14 ° 9.5 ° 11 ° LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION Temperature of the rising air is the same as the ambient air

OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler 12.5 ° 14 ° 9.5 ° 11 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5°

17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=2° 12.5 ° LEVEL OF CONDENSATION 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° MOIST LAPSE RATE 1.5°/1000’ Property of Lear Siegler Temperature of the rising air and dew point are the same.

17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=2° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler Temperature of the rising air is the same as the ambient air

ELO 7 Action: The student will identify the factors that determine atmospheric stability. Condition: Given pertinent information about stability Standard: IAW FM para 7-4

UNSTABLE – Air that moves vertically and will continue without any outside force OLR 3.0 or greater CONDITIONALLY UNSTABLE – Air parcel is neutral. Vertical movement depends on the conditions OLR between 1.5 and 3.0 STABLE – Resists vertical development OLR 1.5 or less

Air with high moisture content tends to be more unstable than dry air, if lifting action occurs.

OLR=2° DP=14° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° OLR=1.5° DEWPOINT=14° 11° 18.5° 17° 15.5° 14° 12.5° 9.5° 8° Property of Lear Siegler

OLR=1.5° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 14 ° DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE 3°/1000’ 11° 18.5° 17° 15.5° 14° 12.5° 9.5° 8° Property of Lear Siegler

DEWPOINT=14° OLR=1.5° MOIST LAPSE RATE 1.5°/1000’ 17 ° 14 ° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° LEVEL OF CONDENSATION 11° 18.5° 17° 15.5° 14° 12.5° 9.5° 8°8° Property of Lear Siegler

17 ° 14 ° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° 11° 18.5° 17° 15.5° 14° 12.5° 9.5° 8°8° Property of Lear Siegler OLR=1.5° DEWPOINT=14° OLR 1.5 or less: STABLE conditions

OLR=2° DP=14° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° OLR=3° DEWPOINT=14° 17° 2° 8° 14° 11° 5° -1° -4° Property of Lear Siegler

OLR=3° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 14 ° DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE 3°/1000’ 17° 2° 8° 14° 11° 5° -1° -4° Property of Lear Siegler

17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=3° MOIST LAPSE RATE 1.5°/1000’ 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° LEVEL OF CONDENSATION LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION 17° 2° 8° 14° 11° 5° -1° -4° Property of Lear Siegler

17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=3° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° 17° 2° 8° 14° 11° 5° -1° -4° Property of Lear Siegler OLR 3 o or greater: UNSTABLE conditions LCL LFC

17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=2° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler OLR between 1.5 o and 3 o : CONDITIONALLY UNSTABLE LCL

ELO 8 Action: The student will identify how clouds are formed. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM para 8-1

Extremely small condensed water vapor droplets suspended in the atmosphere (less than.002”) Property of Lear Siegler Direct result of saturation and saturation is the result of cooling Direct result of saturation and saturation is the result of cooling. Clouds

Cooling Process  ADIABATIC  NOCTURNAL  ADVECTION Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 9 Action: The student will identify the basic types of clouds. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM para 8-2

Cloud Catagories Cumulus Stratus

Property of Lear Siegler 1.Cumulus Indicating Unstable Conditions

Property of Lear Siegler 2. Stratus Indicating Stable Conditions

ELO 10 Action: The student will identify the classification of clouds in terms of the cloud’s altitude. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM para 8-3,4,5

Cloud Descriptors (a) Nimbus / Nimbo (b) Fracto (c) Alto

(a) LOW: LESS THAN 6500’ (b) MIDDLE: 6,500 – 18,000 (c) HIGH: ABOVE, 18,000 Cloud Altitudes

ELO 11 Action: The student will identify cloud types by assigned abbreviations. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM para 8-3,4,5

CumulonimbusCb StratusSt NimbostratusNs StratocumulusSc AltocumulusAc AltostratusAs CirrusCi CumulusCu CirrostratusCs CirrocumulusCc LOW, LESS THAN 6500’ MIDDLE, 6,500 –18,000 HIGH,ABOVE 18,000 Property of Lear Siegler

Cu Cumulus

Cb

Cumulonimbus Cumulus

Cumulus – Anvil

Cumulus

Cumulus - Anvil

Sc

sc Stratocumulus

sc

st

St Stratus

Ns Nimbostratus

cc

Altocumulus

Ac

AS

Ac

Ci Cirrus

cs

Cirrostratus

Cirrocumulus

cc

cc

Ci,Cs

ELO 12 Action: The student will identify the flight conditions that would be encountered in the two basic cloud types. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM para 8-5, 6

Flight Conditions Cumulus / Cumulonimbus Cumulus / Cumulonimbus Stratus Stratus

Safety First… Takeoffs are optional… Landings are mandatory!

FM References for today… Moisture Chapter 4 Moisture Chapter 4 Stability Chapter 7 Stability Chapter 7 Clouds Chapter 8 Clouds Chapter 8

FM References for tomorrow… Frontal Weather Chapter 10 Frontal Weather Chapter 10

The end

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