TOPIC’S OVERVIEW Topic 1-5

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY Introduction Definition of demography and social demography HistoryBasic concepts

Definition of Demography and Social Demography Demography refers to the study and analysis of human populations. Demography is the study of the size, composition and distribution of human population and how these factors change over time. Demography is about the number ie population. Social demography is about the implication of the number ie implication of the population.

History Census data: There are indications that population enumerations were made in Babylonia before 3800 B.C., in China about 3000 B.C., and in Egypt near 2500 B.C., but these have been questioned. Ancient Greece and Rome conducted numerous population counts at which data were gathered regarding certain social and economic characteristics of the people. The primary purpose in the early census enumerations, as in modern times, was to secure essential data as an administrative aid to governing bodies. The nature of the data collected, along with the count of the population, reflects the governmental problems of the times; e.g., taxation, military service, the rights and duties of various classes of the people, and so forth.

Basic Concepts ConceptsMeaning The crude birth ratethe annual number of live births per 1,000 people. The general fertility ratethe annual number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44). The crude death ratethe annual number of deaths per 1,000 people. The infant mortality ratethe annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1,000 live births. A stable populationone that has had constant crude birth and death rates for such a long period of time that the percentage of people in every age class remains constant, or equivalently, the population pyramid has an unchanging structure.

TOPIC 2: DATA COLLECTION IN DEMOGRAPHY Historical Background Important Concepts Basic Demographic Equation

Historical Background ScholarContribution Ibnu Khaldun ( ) Father of demography John Graunt Primitive form of life table Edmond Halley Life insurance mathematic Richard Price 1 st text book in life contingencies (1771) Thomas Malthus althus theory Malthus theory

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Concepts Child mortality rate Sex ratio Dependents ratio Employment rate Unemployment rate Life expectancy at birth Gross natural increase Total fertility rate Poverty Line Index Absolute poverty Population density per square kilometer

BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC EQUATION Suppose that a country (or other entity) contains Population t persons at time t. What is the size of the population at time t + 1 ? Natural increase from time t to t + 1: Net migration from time t to t + 1: Population t + 1 = Population t + Natural increase t + Netmigration t Natural increase t = Births t − Deaths t Netmigration t = Immigration t − Emigration t

TOPIC 3: POPULATION AND SIZE Definition Basic Concepts Basic Theories Population Trends in Malaysia

DEFINITION The term population refers to the total number of people inhabiting a particular geographical area at a specified time. The three basic elements that shape the size, composition and distribution of human population are fertility, mortality and migration.

BASIC CONCEPTS ConceptsDefinitions Population growthchange of population over time Growth rateThe change in population over a unit time period is expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period. population at end of time - population at beginning of time / by population at beginning of time. Growth ratioA growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of people at the two times -- net difference between births, deaths and migration is zero. Over PopulationPopulation exceeding the carrying capacity of an area or environment. Lack of PopulationUnder population: population is not large enough to maintain an economic system.

BASIC THEORIES TheoryBasic Arguments Demographic Transition TheoryDeveloped by American Demographer, Frank Notestein (1945). The theory suggests that population growth has taken place across the globe in three stages – the pre-modern stage, early industrial stage and mature industrial stage. Maltus TheoryIntroduced by Thomas R. Malthus in The theory suggests that population increase in geometrical ratio where as food supply increase in arithmetical ratio. This disharmony would lead to widespread poverty and starvation which would only be checked by natural occurrences such as disease, high infant mortality, famine, war or moral restraint.

POPULATION TRENDS IN MALAYSIA

TOPIC 4: FERTILITY Definition Basic Concepts Ways of Measuring Fertility Fertility in Malaysia Issues & Challenges in Fertility

DEFINITION Fertility refers to the actual number of children born. This is distinguished from fecundity, or the biological maximum number of children that could be born.

BASIC CONCEPTS ConceptDefinition Total Fertility Rate (TFR)The total number of children a woman would bear during her lifetime if she were to experience the prevailing age- specific fertility rates of women. Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)The number of baby girls a cohort will have. It assumes that all of the baby girls will grow up and live to at least age 50. Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)The NRR starts with the GRR and adds the realistic assumption that some of the women will die before age 59; therefore they will not be alive to bear some of the potential babies that were counted in the GRR.

WAYS OF MEASURING FERTILITY Ways of MeasurementExplanation Period measureRefer to a cross-section of the population in one year Cohort measureFollows the same people over a period of decades

FERTILITY IN MALAYSIA Age SemenanjungSabahSarawak * * Jumlah Jumlah

Min number of children born by age and ethnicity (2004) AgeMalayChineseIndianTotal

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN FERTILITY Social support and services: childcare, day care, house maid Ageing population Support for the government: youth not supporting the government (anti establishment)

TOPIC 5: MORTALITY Definition Conventional Measurement of Mortality Factors Affecting Mortality Mortality in Malaysia

DEFINITION Mortality refers to the number of deaths that occur in a particular population.

CONVENTIONAL MEASUREMENT OF MORTALITY MeasurementExplanation The crude death rateRefers to the total number of deaths for every 1000 people. If D is the total number of deaths among residents in a community during a calendar year, and P is the average number of persons living in that community during the year, then the crude death rate is: D/P x k (k is a constant or 100,000) Specific death rates-A specific death rate may be computed for segments of the community differentiated by age, sex, race, marital status, and other characteristics, provided both D and P relate to the same segment. Infant mortality rateIf D is the number of deaths (excluding fetal deaths) between birth and age one year among residents in a community during calendar year z, and B, is the total number of live births within the same year, then the infant mortality rate is: D/B x k (k is constant or 100,000)

MeasurementExplanation The perinatal mortality ratethe sum of neonatal deaths and fetal deaths (stillbirths) per 1000 births. The maternal mortality ratethe number of maternal deaths due to childbearing per 100,000 live births. The standardized mortality rate-This represents a proportional comparison to the numbers of deaths that would have been expected if the population had been of a standard composition in terms of age, gender, etc. The age specific mortality rate (ASMR) This refers to the total number of deaths per year per 1000 people of a given age (e.g. age 62 last birthday).

FACTORS AFFECTING MORTALITY Age of country's population. Nutrition levels. Standards of diet and housing. Access to clean drinking water. Hygiene levels. Levels of infectious diseases. Social factors such as conflicts and levels of violent crime. Amount and quality of health care available.

MORTALITY IN MALAYSIA

Factors affecting mortality in Malaysia Why is the mortality rate decreasing? Better health services and facilities Better income Better food

Assessment Test 1: 20% (Minggu 4 antara 29 September hingga 3 Oktober) Assignment: 40% (Tarikh penghantaran Minggu 12 antara 1-5 Disember) Take home exam: 40%