TEMPO 3rd Science Team Meeting The University of Alabama in Huntsville IGAC’s newest Activity: Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) Global metrics for climate change, human health and crop/ecosystem research Owen R. Cooper CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, USA TEMPO 3rd Science Team Meeting May 27 and 28, 2015 The University of Alabama in Huntsville

What is the current state of our understanding of tropospheric ozone? IPCC AR5 provided an update on the present-day distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone. But, in just 900 words …..

A new paper attempts to provide a more lengthy, but readable overview of present day tropospheric ozone: Recently published in a new open-access, non-profit journal supported by U.S. universities: Dartmouth Georgia Institute of Technology University of Colorado Boulder University of Michigan University of Washington It’s a good start, but how much can you really say in 20 journal pages?

Anthropogenic emissions upwind of the USA are changing rapidly 1996-1998 Tropospheric NO2 column data from the GOME and SCIAMACHY sensors were freely downloaded from: www.temis.nl For methodology see: Boersma, K. F., et al. (2004), Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04311, Richter, A., et al.(2005), Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437

Anthropogenic emissions upwind of the USA are changing rapidly 1996-1998 Tropospheric NO2 column data from the GOME and SCIAMACHY sensors were freely downloaded from: www.temis.nl For methodology see: Boersma, K. F., et al. (2004), Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04311, Richter, A., et al.(2005), Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437 Parrish, D. D. et al (2013), Lower tropospheric ozone at northern midlatitudes: Changing seasonal cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1631–1636, doi: 10.1002/grl.50303.

>160 scientists from 33 nations, representing all 7 continents IGAC’s newest Activity: Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) Global metrics for climate change, human health and crop/ecosystem research Mission: Provide the research community with an up-to-date global assessment of tropospheric ozone’s distribution and trends from the surface to the tropopause. Facilitate access to the ozone metrics necessary for quantifying ozone’s impact on human health and crop/ecosystem productivity. >160 scientists from 33 nations, representing all 7 continents Stakeholders:

TOAR Member Nations

TOAR Goals Produce the first tropospheric ozone assessment report based on the peer-reviewed literature and new analyses. 2) Generate easily accessible, documented data on ozone exposure and dose metrics at hundreds of measurement sites around the world (urban and non-urban), freely accessible for research on the global-scale impact of ozone on climate, human health and crop/ecosystem productivity.  

TOAR Ozone Metrics The TOAR database will contain various ozone metrics at thousands of surface sites around the world. The full suite of metrics is still being developed but some key metrics that will be included are: Human Health: - Maximum daily 8-hour average   - Maximum daily 1-hour average Vegetation: - Cumulative Exposure Index: W126 - Cumulative Exposure Index: AOT40 - Flux-Based Index: PODy (will only be calculated for a limited number of sites due to the need for additional meteorological and soil parameters) Climate Change: - Monthly means, medians and various percentiles at rural sites - Monthly and seasonal mean vertical profiles where data are available

TOAR Organization TOAR is a science effort initiated by IGAC, and developed by an international team of experts. TOAR receives financial and logistical support from - IGAC - The World Meteorological Organization - US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coordinated by an eleven-member Steering Committee The assessment report will be published as a series of 8 stand-alone chapters in a special issue of a peer-reviewed, open-access journal.

TOAR work-flow diagram

The TOAR Database is up and running The TOAR Database is up and running Courtesy: Martin Schultz and Olga Lyapina Forschungszentrum Jülich http://join.iek.fz-juelich.de:50091

Timeline December 2014: TOAR Workshop 1.01 in Boulder February – March, 2015: Preliminary organization of TOAR chapter author teams and working groups. February – December 2015: Collect ozone observations and populate TOAR database, begin work on calculating ozone metrics around the world April 28-30, 2015: TOAR Workshop 1.02, Madrid, Spain December 2015: Produce first draft of assessment report January 2016: Workshop 1.03 – location to-be-determined December 2016: Submit assessment report to a peer-reviewed journal and perform any necessary updates to the ozone metrics on the database

TOAR Workshop 1.02 April 28-30, 2015 Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET), Madrid, Spain

Possible surface Sites for TOAR Possible surface ozone monitoring sites across South Asia As identified by the South Asia Working Group, led by: Manish Naja, AIRES, Nainital, India Rajesh Kumar, NCAR, Boulder Possible surface Sites for TOAR

Possible surface ozone monitoring sites across Asia As identified by the Asia Working Group, led by: Hiroshi Tanimoto, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO TOAR will be published by mid-2017, too early for TEMPO However, TOAR II is a strong possibility. TEMPO can provide much needed information on free tropospheric ozone above North America

How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO Presently, in situ data for monitoring ozone trends above western N. America are only available with sufficient frequency in spring. 20 years (1995-2014) of free tropospheric (3-8 km) ozone observations above western N. America in springtime. Update to: Cooper et al. (2012), Long-term ozone trends at rural ozone monitoring sites across the United States, 1990–2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D22307

How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO The OMI/MLS instruments on NASA’s AURA satellite have monitored tropospheric ozone since 2004. 10.25 years of data show that ozone has increased significantly in both hemispheres. Is ten years of data enough considering the influence of ENSO on ozone? OMI/MLS data processed by J. Ziemke, NASA GSFC. Cooper, O., and J. Ziemke (2015): [Global Climate] Tropospheric Ozone [in "State of the Climate in 2014"]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., in-preparation.

How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO To this plot TOAR will add tropospheric ozone retrievals from: GOME/GOME-2: 1996-future IASI: 2007 - future FTIR ground-based sensors: 1980s – future TEMPO (N. America only): 2017 – the future