Chapter 19 Early Modern Era Early Latin America Chapter 19 Early Modern Era

Iberian Society Heavy urbanization Emphasis on nobility Slavery patriarchal

Portuguese Experience in Africa, involvement in slave trading, extended to America

Spanish Created models in Caribbean, applied throughout New World First colony: Hispaniola; settlement: Santo Domingo Grid plan (unlike Europe) Encomiendas: grants of Indians as a labor system Taino (Indians) supplied ag labor in Caribbean Discontinued by 1620s; Spanish crown didn’t want the new nobility + decline of Indian population made system less attractive

Conquistadors Bartolome de Las Casas: supported conversion of natives; advocate of Indian rights Cortes: conquered the Aztecs, Tenochtitlan Pizarro: conquered the Incas, Cuzco Few conquerors were professional soldiers Agreement between crown & leader: 1/5 of all treasure to crown Conquerors = new nobility to oversee new peasants (Indians) Most were cruel & ambitious

Conquistadors Hernan Cortes Francisco Pizarro

Spanish Advantages Epidemic disease: majority of native population losses Horses Firearms Steel weapons Internal division among the Indians Feared by natives European livestock (matched number of natives lost) Indian nobility kept to help Spanish with administration of natives

Spanish Economy in Americas Mita: forced Indian labor through local officials (building government projects); replaced encomienda Majority in agriculture Whole Spanish commercial system organized around the mining economy Potosi = greatest silver mine Mercury found in Peru was indispensable to extraction of silver Silver production in Americas expanded rapidly after 1580

Ag in Spanish America Ag was NOT more valuable than mining Predominantly an agrarian economy Colonists found land ownership attractive Indian communal ag in traditional crops continued South America produced potatoes, but not grains Plantation crops (sugar, cacao) were exported to Europe Ag was NOT more valuable than mining Merchants in Seville had monopoly on goods to America Spanish convoy system = galleons American treasure caused a sharp rise in prices in Spain = negative effect on Spanish economy

Iberian Rivalry Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 – divided world into spheres of influence between Portugal & Castile: Portugal gets Brazil & east, Castile (Spain) gets west (all of N America & most of S America)

Administration & Religion University-trained lawyers were most critical to the administration of Spanish colonies Recopilacion: basis of law in the Indies Audiencias: judicial divisions controlled by superior courts Catholic church introduced: Universities baroque style architecture printing press Monasteries strong connection between church & state

Brazil Brazil’s plantation system was copied by other European nations in Caribbean; later competition led to falling sugar prices & higher costs for slaves Brazil was only one of Portugal’s colonies; others in Asia & Africa (Spanish colonies almost all in Americas) First major plantation zone Organized to produce tropical crops in demand in Europe 1500 Pedro Cabral settled Grants of land to minor nobles = captaincies 1700: ½ of Brazil’s population was slaves

Brazil Minas Gerais – gold discovered Rio de Janeiro – became capital after gold discovery Began buying goods with gold & failed to develop internal industries

Society Race – basis for social hierarchy in Americas Castas = mixed race Mestizo = Spanish/European + Indian Mulatto = Spanish/European + African Peninsulares = born in Spain, lives in the New World Creoles = Spanish born in the New World

Reforms of 18th century in New Spain Bourbon dynasty recast colonial administration in Spanish Americas Jose de Galvez – Minister of the Indies responsible for reforms Introduced French Intendancy system to improve government, though upset traditional Creole power Established state monopolies on tobacco & gunpowder Extended plantation system to Cuba Buenos Aires grew as a regional trade center More government control over economy

Reforms in Brazil Marquis of Pombal – minister responsible for reforms Did not change slavery – labor still based heavily on slavery Mid 18th century: population growing considerably Productive capacity growing, too

Reform Tupac Amaru – leader of Indian revolution in Peru in 1781 Various racial & social groups failed to act together to make changes in colonial governments