HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1 CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT Chapter 7 The Judicial Branch Section 1:Equal Justice Under the Law Equal Justice Under the LawEqual Justice Under the Law Section 2:The Federal Court System The Federal Court SystemThe Federal Court System Section 3:The Supreme Court The Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2 The Main Idea The rights of all U.S. citizens are protected by laws and the courts. Reading Focus   In what ways is the United States a nation of laws?   What are the four sources of law in the United States?   What roles do the courts play in the United States? Section 1:Equal Justice Under the Law

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON3 A Nation of Laws  Laws usually reflect the opinion of the majority.  Laws are passed for the good of all citizens.  Good citizenship involves abiding by the laws.  Without laws, anarchy could develop. Section 1:Equal Justice Under the Law

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON4 Section 1: Equal Justice under the law  Two Basic Categories of Laws:  Criminal law refers to the group of laws that define what acts are crimes.  Civil law is the group of laws that refer to disputes between people.  Crime – any behavior that is illegal because society considers the behavior harmful to society

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON5 Four types of U.S. laws:  Statutory law—passed by lawmaking bodies  Common law—judges’ decisions based on common sense, experience, and practice  Administrative law—created by government agencies  Constitutional law—based on the Constitution and its interpretation by the Court

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON6 Role of the Courts in the United States  Use law to settle disputes  Assure equal justice for all through fair trials Section 1:Equal Justice Under the Law

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON7 ensure equal justice for all provide fair public trials SECTION 1 The Roles that Courts Play Question: What roles do the courts play in the United States?

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON8 The Main Idea The federal court system consists of the three levels of courts, each of which has specific duties. Reading Focus   What is the purpose of the U.S. district courts?   How are the U.S. courts of appeals different from the district courts?   What is the role of the Supreme Court? Section 2:The Federal Court System

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON9 Section 2 The Federal Court System  The Federal Court System has three levels of courts: -US District Courts -US District Courts -US Courts of Appeals -US Courts of Appeals -US Supreme Court -US Supreme Court  Each level of the federal court system is given jurisdiction in several different kinds of cases.

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON10 Section 2: The Federal Court System  Types of jurisdiction: - original jurisdiction – authority to be the first courts in which cases are heard which cases are heard - appellate jurisdiction – power to review decisions made by lower courts lower courts - exclusive jurisdiction – only federal courts can hear these cases cases - concurrent jurisdiction - cases can be heard in federal and/or state courts and/or state courts

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON11  Ninety-four district courts—at base of system; jury trials held here judges hear about 300,000 cases per year  Courts of Appeal—review district court cases; panels of judges make the decisions. -13 Courts of Appeals - US divided into 11 districts (plus DC and Federal Circuit) (plus DC and Federal Circuit)  U.S. Supreme Court—highest court in the land; an appeals court; decisions are final Organization of Federal Courts

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON12 Cases tried in the federal courts:  Cases involving people charged with disobeying the Constitution, violating a U.S. treaty, or breaking laws passed by Congress  Charges brought by a foreign country against the United States or its citizens  Crimes committed on U.S. ships at sea Section 2:The Federal Court System

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON13 Cases tried in the federal courts: (continued)  Ambassadors and consuls charged with breaking laws in a foreign country  Crimes committed on certain federal properties  Disagreements between the states  Lawsuits between citizens of different states Section 2:The Federal Court System

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON14 Role of the Supreme Court  Reviews cases from lower federal courts and state courts  Constitutional jurisdiction over:  cases involving diplomatic representatives from other countries  disputes between states  disputes between states and federal government Section 2:The Federal Court System

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON15 Question: Which cases are tried in federal courts? SECTION 2 Federal Court Cases 1. constitutional violations 2. U.S. treaty violations 3. congressional law violations 4. cases between a foreign government and a U.S. citizen or the government 5. crimes committed on U.S. ships at sea 6. cases involving U.S. ambassadors and consuls who broke laws in their stationed countries 7. crimes committed on certain types of federal property 8. disagreements between states or citizens of different states

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON16 The Main Idea The Supreme Court hears appeals, reviews laws, and strongly influences American society. Reading Focus   What is the power of the judicial review?   What are the constitutional checks on the Supreme Court’s powers?   How has the Supreme Court strengthened constitutional rights? Section 3:The Supreme Court

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON17 Section 3 The Supreme Court  The Power of Judicial Review - The US Supreme Court has the power of judicial review. - Judicial Review allows courts to decide whether a law or a presidential action is in agreement with the Constitution - Judicial Review was promoted by John Marshall, serving as Chief Justice, in 1803 landmark case – Marbury v. Madison. 1 st case to declare act of Congress unconstitutional.

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON18 Process through which cases are tried in the Supreme Court:  Thousands of cases are appealed to the Court each year.  One hundred to 200 cases are selected for the docket.  Selected cases contain significant public interest or questions.  Four out of nine justices must vote to hear a case.  Previous verdicts stand for rejected cases. Section 3:The Supreme Court

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON19 Supreme Court justices  Are appointed by the president and approved by a Senate majority vote.  Are appointed for life but may be impeached. Section 3:The Supreme Court

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON20 Judicial review has strengthened the Court’s power.  Courts decide if a law or presidential action is constitutional.  Supreme Court has the ultimate power of judicial review. Section 3:The Supreme Court

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON21 Section 3: The Supreme Court  Supreme Court Justices: -John Roberts (Chief Justice) -Antonin Scalia -Anthony Kennedy -Clarence Thomas -Ruth Bader Ginsberg -Stephen Breyer -Samuel Alito -Sonya Sotomayer -Elena Kagan

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON22 Congress can limit the Court’s power.  Can rewrite laws to make them constitutional  Can amend the Constitution to include new laws Section 3:The Supreme Court

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON23 Question: How has judicial review strengthened the Supreme Court’s power, and how does Congress limit this power? SECTION 3 Judicial Review Congress Limit Strengthen It asserted the Court’s power to declare laws of Congress and presidential acts unconstitutional. Congress may pass a similar law abiding by the Constitution or may try to amend the Constitution.

CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON24 Chapter 7 Wrap-Up 1.Describe the types of laws that exist in the United States. 2.What services do U.S. courts provide? 3.Which cases are tried in federal courts? 4.How is the federal court system organized? 5.How are appointments made to the Supreme Court, and how long do justices serve? 6.How does the Supreme Court limit Congress’s power, and how does Congress reassert it? 1.Describe the types of laws that exist in the United States. 2.What services do U.S. courts provide? 3.Which cases are tried in federal courts? 4.How is the federal court system organized? 5.How are appointments made to the Supreme Court, and how long do justices serve? 6.How does the Supreme Court limit Congress’s power, and how does Congress reassert it?