Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi 7th

They have DNA, but it floats around the cell as a nucleoid Bacteria are very small unicellular organisms that do not contain organelles This makes them prokaryotes They have DNA, but it floats around the cell as a nucleoid

How do they get food? Producers- anything that can make food Some use the sun and photosynthesis Others use different chemicals like sulfur to make food Consumers- any organism that breaks down or relies on another living thing Some bacteria are decomposers Others help break down food in your large intestine Other make you sick like strep throat

Do bacteria breath? Some need oxygen to survive- they are call aerobic Other can survive without oxygen- they are called anaerobic Both are forms of respiration which is the break down of sugar into energy for the cell

Bacteria come in 3 main shapes- all of which are very small compared to eukaryotes like plant and animal cells Cocci- sphere Spirilla- spiral Bacilli- rod

2 types of bacteria Archaebacteria- live in harsh environments Also called-extremophiles Deep sea vents and sulfur ponds

Eubacteria- live everywhere else they are larger in size compared to archaebacteria

Some bacteria are needed to survive They live in your intestine and help break down nutrients They can make antibiotics Other are bad They are called a pathogen- any organism that causes a disease Tooth decay, strep throat, acne are examples of hurtful bacteria

Vaccines and pasteurization 2 helpful technologies that help get rid of bad bacteria Vaccines produce antibodies that help fight off bad bacteria Like for tetanus and whooping cough Pasteurization is used to kill bacteria with heat, but not harm the flavor of food It extends the lifetime a food is good for, without it, milk would only last a few days Like milk and yogurt

Bacteria are found in all sorts of places Helping decompose trash Help get rid of sewage Help make cheese and other foods Help break down oil

They make life sustaining molecules Nitrogen fixing bacteria are the only living organisms that can take nitrogen gas from the air, and turn it into useful molecules to make proteins and DNA. Without bacteria, we would not be alive We find these bacteria on many legume roots Beans, peas, soy

Protist Eukaryote organisms that are single or multicellular They live in wet and moist environments They would dry out if they were on land because they don’t have anyway of keeping water

Come in 3 types Fungal like Animal like Plant like

Fungal like protists Include organisms called: Slime molds Downy mildews Water molds They are all consumers and some are parasitic and will kill an organism Live most of life as a single cell, then join together for reproduction

Slime mold

Downy Mildew

Water mold- caused potato famine in Ireland

Animal like protist Protozoan- a one celled organism that lives in water and is a consumer or parasite Some contain flagella other have cilia- this is how they are organized into groups

Paramecium

Amoeba- move by pseudopods- false foot

Malaria is caused by a protozoan called Plasmodium volvox It is spread by mosquitos Use nets to protect self Kills more than 1,000,000 people a year

Giardia- is a flagellated protozoan that causes gastro intestinal problems Get it from drinking bad water

Plant like protist- these are Algae's Can be either single celled or multicellular Single celled include: Diatoms, Spirogyra, Volvox, and Euglena

Multicellular algae include Green, red, and brown algae These are the organisms that we see on the beech They can make huge underwater forests of algae They produce a majority of the oxygen in the world Think about how large the ocean is and all the algae that lives in it

Green algae

Red algae-

Brown algae- Kelp

Fungi

Most fungi are multicellular eukaryotes Some like yeast are single celled eukaryotes All fungi are consumers with a cellwall Some are saprophytes meaning they decompose and break down organisms for energy Others are parasitic like athletes foot or ringworm which is caused by a fungal infection

Reproduction of fungi They use spores to spread from place to place Each spore contain the material needed to start a new fungus They can reproduce by either sexual or asexual reproduction asexual means that more spores are made and released Sexual means that 2 different fungi join together

Structure We actually see very little of a fungus The majority of the body of the fungus is buried this is called the hyphae When 2 hyphae join together sexual reproduction occurs and genetic material is combined The hyphae also does the majority of the decomposing They release enzymes which break down the material and then the fungi absorbs the nutrients

Types of Fungi Use the reproductive structures to determine type along with other features 3 major types of fungi

Club fungi Get funky!! They also include mushrooms, puffballs, and toadstools In these organisms, spores are produced on gills on the underside of the mushroom cap.

Sac Fungi Molds, morels, and truffles Spores are produced in small sacs in the reproductive structure

Yeast- single celled fungi Used to make bread As it breaks down sugars it releases CO2 causing bubbles in the bread Naturally occur in the body, but too much can cause sores

Zygospore fungi Cause bread to go bad The hyphae fuse together and form a reproductive structure called a sporangia This then makes spores that are released.

Pros about fungi Decompose dead organisms returning good nutrients to soil Help plants get nutrients- form a mycorrhizae This is a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi, where the fungi gets food and the plant gets nutrients Penicillin and other medicines can be made from fungi Break down cell wall of bacteria Help us make food like bread and cheese

Cons for fungi Cause health issues if bad ones are ingested Live on skin Cause huge amounts of crops to be destroyed Spoil food

Lichens Cool little relationship between bacteria and fungi Fungi break down nutrients Cyanobacteria uses photosynthesis to make food Both benefit They are the first to live on newly formed rock that will help make soil for new bigger organisms.