Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment Purpose Determine level of fitness & set goals Develop safe & effective exercise prescription Document improvements Motivation Provide info concerning health status

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Health Related Low levels ↑d risk of premature death ↑s reduction of death from all causes High levels high levels of PA & better health

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Related to the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate-to-high intensity exercise for prolonged periods. Performance depends on Respiratory Cardiovascular Skeletal muscles

Measuring Cardiovascular Endurance (Aerobic Capacity) Best Measure? VO2max O2 uptake – Pulmonary O2 transport – Cardiac O2 utilization - Muscular

Measuring Cardiovascular Endurance (Aerobic Capacity) VO2max Measure Estimate Laboratory Tests Field Tests

Measuring Aerobic Capacity Laboratory Methods Measures of Maximal Exercise Capacity Maximal Oxygen Consumption Submaximal estimations Astrand Rhyming Nomogram YMCA Cycle Protocol Discuss the various laboratory and field methods of assessing aerobic capacity. Focus on the reduction in reliability and validity that occurs when field tests are used, but note that they are much more feasible for mass testing.

Linear Relationships Among VO2, HR & Workload . Illustrate that heart rate for a given workload can be used to estimate VO2. Also mention that as workload increases, VO2 increases.

Measuring Aerobic Capacity Field Methods Distance runs 1 Mile Run 1.5 Mile Run 12 Minute Run 6 Minute Walk Rockport 1-Mile Walk Test Discuss the various laboratory and field methods of assessing aerobic capacity. Focus on the reduction in reliability and validity that occurs when field tests are used, but note that they are much more feasible for mass testing.

Measuring Aerobic Capacity Field Methods Step tests YMCA 3-Minute Step Test Predicting VO2max w/o exercise VO2max = 50.513 + 1.589 * self-reported physical activity – .0289 * age in yrs - .552 & %Fat + 5.836 * gender (female = 0; male = 1) Discuss the various laboratory and field methods of assessing aerobic capacity. Focus on the reduction in reliability and validity that occurs when field tests are used, but note that they are much more feasible for mass testing.

Measuring Aerobic Capacity Advantages/Disadvantages?? Laboratory Tests Vs. Field Methods Advantages/Disadvantages?? Discuss the various laboratory and field methods of assessing aerobic capacity. Focus on the reduction in reliability and validity that occurs when field tests are used, but note that they are much more feasible for mass testing.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Which test? Time demands Expense or costs Personnel needed (i.e., qualifications) Equipment & facilities needed Physician supervision needed Population tested (safety concerns) Need for accuracy of data

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Field or Submaximal Tests advantages Less expensive Does not need same level of clinical supervision Lower risk Less sensitive & specific for disease detection Less equipment Generally shorter In lab tests can assess a workload progression Estimates of VO2

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Field or Submaximal Tests disadvantages Maximum measures estimated VO2max prediction error can be 10-20% Limited diagnostic capabilities Limited for exercise prescription

Standard Procedures (must be followed) Standard testing protocol Same modality & protocol – repeat testing Constant pedal rate Seat height Time of day Data collection standardized & consistent Subjects free of infection – normal sinus rhythm Pre test instructions Room Temperature (64-68O) – air flow

Assumptions of Submax Tests Measurements made in steady state Linear relationship b/n HR & VO2 HRmax similar at same age Mechanical efficiency same

Indications for Stopping an Exercise Test in Low-Risk Adults Angina-like symptoms Drop (20 mmHg) in systolic BP or a failure to rise Excessive rise in BP systolic pressure > 260 mmHg diastolic pressure > 115 mmHg Signs of poor perfusion light-headedness, confusion, ataxia, pallor, cyanosis, nausea, or cold & clammy skin

Indications for Stopping an Exercise Test in Low-Risk Adults Failure of heart rate to ↑ Noticeable Δ in heart rhythm Subject requests to stop Physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue Failure of the testing equipment

Measuring Aerobic Capacity Criterion Based Reference Minimal levels of aerobic capacity associated with a reduced risk of disease & death Females = VO2max of 31.5 ml/kg/min Males = VO2max of 35.0 ml/kg/min Norm Based Reference

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Field Tests Complete a measured distance Distance covered in a certain time Submaximal Tests Step test Single or multiple stage cycle test HR measure Maximal Exertion Graded or progressive exertion to volitional fatigue (measure)

Pre-Test Considerations Abstain from eating prior (>4 hrs) Abstain from strenuous exercise (> 24 hrs) Abstain form caffeine (>12-24 hrs) Abstain from nicotine (> 3 hrs) Abstain from alcohol (> 24 hrs) Medications

Step Tests Queens College or McArdle Step Test Step: ht = 16.25 in for 3 min Men: 24 steps/min; Women: 22 steps/min Radial pulse in 1st-5 sec, for 15 sec Men: VO2max = 111.33 – (0.42 * HR) Women: VO2max = 65.81 – (0.1847 * HR)

1.5 Mile Run Record total time to complete 1.5 miles VO2max = 3.5 + 483/time Time in nearest hundredth of min

12 Min Walk/Run Cover maximum distance in 12 min VO2max = (3.126 * meters) - 11.3

Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Advantages Non-weight bearing Accurate workloads Easy to measure HR & BP Cost is lower than treadmill Requires smaller space No electricity needed

Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Disadvantages Non-familiar work mode Must maintain cadence Leg fatigue

Submaximal Prediction of CRF - Assumptions B/n HR of 110-150 HRmax = 220-age Steady State Constant cadence

Submaximal Prediction of CRF – Sources of Error HRmax Efficiency Calibration Accurate measurement of HR HR at steady state

Cycle Ergometer Protocols (other) Astrand-Rhyming Cycle Ergometer Test Single Stage Test – 6 minutes Males – unconditioned: 300 or 600 kgm/min (50 or 100 watts) Males – conditioned: 600 or 900 kgm/min (100 or 150 watts) Females – unconditioned: 300 or 450 kgm/min (50 or 75 watts) Females – conditioned: 450 or 600 kgm/min (75 or 100 watts)

Cycle Ergometer Protocols (other) Astrand-Rhyming Cycle Ergometer Test (cont) 50 rpm Goal – HR b/n 125 to 170 – measured during 5th & 6th minutes – average the 2 HRs for nomogram Nomogram – page 73 (Figure 4-1) Age adjustment – page 72

Treadmill Testing Not usually used for submaximal testing Range of efficiencies is so high Would not recommend – but can be done

Step Tests Astrand-Rhyming YMCA Protocol Single step height – 33 cm for women, 40 cm for men Rate = 22.5 steps/min for 6 minutes YMCA Protocol 12 in – 24 steps/min 1 min - Recovery heart rate

Field Tests Rockport 1-mile walk Test 1.5-mile run test HR at end VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 132.9 – 0.17 (body mass in kg) – 0.39 (age in yrs) + 6.3 (gender) - 3.26 (time in min) – 0.16 (HR) 1.5-mile run test VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 3.5 + 483/(time in min)