Globalisation & the Architect INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ARCHITECTS Kiev June 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President

GlobalisationQuestions ? Globalisation – Architectural Services Key Issues An international policy A conspiracy A Strategy 1.Context – Global Trends 2.Education 3.Practice 4.International standards 5.The Future

Asymmetry1. Context Global Trends Globalisation – Architectural Services Emerging Economies 70% of world population of architects from developed countries Students architects from developing countries 70% of world market of architecture in the developing world Africa = architects Europe = architects BRICS EX-USSR – Transition countries Gulf oil rich countries Newly accessed EU countries Africa – Star countries like Angola, Equatorial Guinea Global Japanese real estate investments Intensive tourism development in Asia Context Kuala Lumpur

Technology Globalisation – Architectural Services Context 6,5 billions population 4,5 billions radios 3,5 billions tv 3,2 billions mobiles 1,5 billion computers 600 millions bloggers (MySpace, Facebook,etc) Electronic Change 1950s - Air travel 1960s – Communication systems telephone, fax, , internet 1980s – Computer (r)evolution, mobile telephone 1990s – Digital camera Bilbao 1. Context Global Trends

Emerging Issues Globalisation – Architectural Services Context Sustainability Energy conservation Green technology Cultural Identity Accessibility Policies Public Health To protect well-being against dangerous materials/bacteria Public Safety To withstand natural forces such as fire, wind,earthquakes Public Welfare To contribute to functional and esthetic well-being 1. Context Global Trends

Political Framework - MRAs Globalisation – Architectural Services Context APEC: 14 countries EEC – 30 countries Schenghen – 24 countries mobility NAFTA – US, Canada, Mexico 1. Context Global Trends ANZCERTA ASEAN SAARC/SAFTA CIS EU GCC UMA UEMOA CEMAC COMESA SADC SACU NAFTA G3 MCCA CARICOM MERCOSUR EFTA MRAs bypass registration procedures MRAs – ACE: Mexico, Cuba, US AU-NZ : Singapore and US

Change in needs Globalisation – Architectural Services Education Imbalance: more students in developed countries – except China Training in one location – Practice in a different location 2. Education New role of the architect Corporate social responsibility Cities & poverty Presence at higher decision level Competition with engineers Real Estate positions Global marketplace Professional business management skills International business practice Sao Paulo New York

Globalisation – Architectural Services Education 2. Education Sustainability Energy conservation Green technology Cultural Identity Accessibility Change in curriculum contents Global Footprint

Harmonisation Globalisation – Architectural Services Education Minimum 5 years - Undergraduate Minimum 2 years – Practical Experience – HMO? Bologna Directive – 4 years 1999 UIA Accord 2002 UIA UNESCO Charter Schools outside these minima - problems 2. Education Schools Accreditation - Validation 1400 Schools/Universities worldwide International mobility International recognition of qualifications Anglo-Saxon model – Profession control system State controlled system UIA-UNESCO Validation system

CPD Globalisation – Architectural Services Education 47 Countries – Existing systems 17 Countries – Mandatory EU – ACE : Towards mandatory system Mandatory annually to renew the practice license Contents New technologies Changing forms of practice Building Codes & Regulations Architects practising away from home UIA CPD International system 2. Education

Broadly Experienced International Architect Globalisation – Architectural Services Education Recognised qualification Professional license Professional international experience 7-10 years Clean Track record vis-à-vis ethics or legal issues 2. Education Competitive Edge Wider range of professional services Feasibility studies Post-occupancy evaluations Facilities management Specialist markets Airports, Hospitals, Museums, Hotel & Leisure facilities

Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Global Trends Larger firms more than 100 employees Larger scope of services Market specialised niche Multidisciplinary – QS, Lawyers, Construction managers, Competition from other professions – Engineers, Project Managers Extent of Trade US 2007 international architectural fees = 2,8 billions € Exporters : US, EU, Australia, Japan and Canada Importers:Asia, Middle East, Ex-USSR Growth: Asia 6,1 %, Eastern EU 4,5%, Middle East and Africa 4,2% South America 3,9%, North America 2,7 %, Western EU 1,8% China, Gulf states and Brazil in Africa US, UK, AU in Asia EU in ex-USSR states

Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice New Delivery Systems Design and Build PPP, BOT Driving Forces Clients seeking internationally reputed or specialists architects Clients expanding their business abroad Free trade agreements Public agencies employing domestic architects for foreign projects International competitions Economy downturn at home Form of Foreign Practice Long term presence One time Joint Venture Commercial presence Buying a firm Outsourcing

Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Offshoring - Outsourcing Recent and expanding development Shortage of architects at home Architects from 1st world sending work to a qualified source abroad Short circuits all legal barriers. Modes Mode 1: Cross-border supply Mode 2:Consumption abroad Mode 3:Commercial Presence Mode 4: Presence of Natural Persons

Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Outsourced Locations Common language Professionally educated labour Established and stable base of the rule of law Outsourcing Benefits Work on tight time schedule due to different time zones Expanding commissions to find architects when not available at home Obtain foreign professional services without increasing firm size Lower costs basis than at home Establish business relationships with foreign architects educated abroad before they go home Establish and/or expand foreign basis for future international projects Marrakesh

Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Outsourced Tasks Architectural working drawings Presentation models and renderings Outsourcing Countries Largely confined in Asia :India, Philippines, Thailand Also in Morocco, Tunisia and Mexico India has only 4% of its IT activities in Construction services Projected US firms outsourcing 2006: 8% 2009:20%

Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Regulatory requirements Academic Recognised qualification (5 years) Professional Experience (2 years) Examination (some countries) Clean Track record ( Ethics and Legal) CPD (some countries) Financial, Immigration and Labour laws Business Visa Customs regulations (documents, materials, models) Establishing business presence Transfer of profits out of country Tax policies and regulations Chatting Hangzhou Chatting New York

Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice National Bodies Under pressure to revise their laws to recognise and accommodate the realities of the changing global practice EU –ACE is one example. Bottlenecks by National Bodies Resistance/Hesitancy to change Anglo-saxon and Napoleonic approaches in MRA negotiations Lack of understanding between Federal and state systems Prohibition to register to non-residents Slow implementation of national obligations of international agreements Need of international database for registration Need of international established order Napoli

Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA From National to Regional Organisations FPAA 1950:Federation of Pan-American Architects CAA 1965:Commonwealth Association of Architects ARCASIA 1969:Architects Regional Council of Asia AUA 1981: Africa Union of Architects ACE 1990:Architects Council of Europe One International Organisation - UIA 1948 – 125 Countries – architects Architects – International Standards and Norms Architecture - International Policies World Representation and Recognition World Network World Database Fes

Our Assets 4. UIA Globalisation- Architectural Services ,402,339,000 6,453,639,850 83,71% ,764,672,000 6,097,066,860 78,38% +5,33% Organised Advocacy capacity Accreditation power – Validation – Training Geographical network Standards development Credibility and Reputation International Database of expertise Power of communication Global Assets

Vision & Mission Five Missions Principles Vision & Strategy Development To transform the present UIA into a unique world recognised body for the profession and for Architecture International Standards International Policies International Architectural Observatory Plan the future POLICIES To promote better recognition of Architecture and Architects To make our action more pertinent and coherent whilst recognising the great diversity of cultures, challenges and practices. Promote Architecture Promote Architects Reinforce our Network of Strategic Partnerships ADVOCACY To establish a solidarity and cooperation network among architects of the world. To speed up change to achieve targets set by UIA policies Education Professional Practice Knowledge Sharing International Cooperation CAPACITY BUILDING To strengthen and develop UIA. Reinforce the Organisation Sustainable Resources Reinforce our Network of Commercial Partnerships Manage all the partners’ agreements DEVELOPMENT To become a powerful communication network External Representation Engage UIA Membership Expand UIA Membership REPRESENTATION VISION Build a better Environment for Humanity Development

Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA Mobility - Harmonisation Develop equivalency Develop international standards Establish agreements Validate and Accredit Enable capacity building

Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA – Education International Standards 2002 UNESCO-UIA Charter for Education Curriculum definition UNESCO-UIA Validation of Schools/Universities Parnership with RIBA CPD – Continuing Professional Development Partnership with Spain International CPD platform Exchange programme International Exchange programme for students and young architects International Exchange programme for lecturers International Database World schools survey – Tsinghua University, Shanghai Curaçao

Practice Worldwide Statistics 03 Students number of students unknown (7): Belgium, Benin, Canada, Congo R.D., Spain, Italy, Mexico no schools of architecture (6): Andorra, Netherlands Antilles, Congo, Mauritius, Namibia, Trinidad & Tobago country/territoryarch.stud.ratio CNP.R. of China ,389 HNHonduras ,889 IRIran ,353 NGNigeria ,222 CZCzech Republic ,712 SDSudan ,625 KRSouth Korea ,183 CRCosta Rica ,071 ARArgentina ,048 INIndia ,0000,867 DEGermany ,835 PTPortugal ,768 BDBangladesh ,762 FRFrance ,705 RORomania ,691 MYMalaysia ,599 SISlovenia ,583 CHSwitzerland ,563 SKSlovakia ,560 PLPoland ,501 UZUzbekistan ,500 AUAustralia ,473 MTMalta ,460 FIFinland ,457 RURussia ,421 SGSingapore ,420 country/territoryarch.stud.ratio PSPalestina ,419 ECEcuador ,392 USUnited States ,356 UKUnited Kingdom ,329 GRGreece ,317 LTLithuania ,310 HRCroatia ,307 BOBolivia ,285 NLNetherlands ,273 JPJapan ,260 EGEgypt ,257 HKHong Kong ,245 SESweden ,242 AMArmenia ,208 GEGeorgia ,200 ZASouth Africa ,187 TRTurkey ,169 MKFYR of Macedonia ,167 IEIreland ,160 EEEstonia ,150 ILIsrael ,143 CSSerbia & Montenegro ,125 BRBrazil ,106 NZNew Zealand ,106 HUHungary ,075 BYBelarusX1.400X 2005: ‰ 2010: ‰

Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA – Practice International Standards 1999 UIA International Accord on Practice 2006 WTO Geneva discussions on Domestic Regulations UIA – Only body according to Art VIII of GATS to establish international standards for architectural services Capacity Building Enabling transition countries to reach international standards International Database International Practice survey – COAC, Barcelona – 91 Countries Bucharest Tokyo

Practice Worldwide STATISTICS 02 Architects Num. arch. unspecified (2): Belarus, Mexico 2010: ‰ 2002: ‰ country/territoryinhab.arch.ratio JPJapan127,914,000307, ITItaly57,253,000111, MKFYR Macedonia2,076,0003, GRGreece10,978,00015, LULuxembourg437, MTMalta397, PTPortugal10,080,00012, DKDenmark5,320,0006, ISIceland279, BEBelgium10,359,00011, ARArgentina39,311,00042, ILIsrael6,685,0007, ECEcuador13,379,00013, ESSpain41,184,00040, ADAndorra75, NONorway4,469,0003, LTLithuania3,401,0002, COColombia42,105,00033, CSSerbia &Mtgro10,513,0008, CHSwitzerland7,157,0005, HRCroatia4,405,0003, FIFinland5,224,0003, IEIreland4,040,0002, SISlovenia1,979,0001, DEGermany82,560,00050, SESweden8,895,0005, CLChile15,211,0009, AUAustralia20,092,00011, BOBolivia9,138,0005, EEEstonia1,294, VEVenezuela24,170,00013, country/territoryinhab.arch.ratio BGBulgaria7,949,0004, NLNetherlands16,300,0008, UKUnited Kingdom59,818,00030, GEGeorgia5,026,0002, LVLatvia2,421,0001, SKSlovakia5,411,0002, CRCosta Rica4,372,0002, FRFrance60,525,00026, BRBrazil182,798,00080, NZNew Zealand3,932,0001, HUHungary9,784,0004, TRTurkey73,302,00029, AMArmenia3,043,0001, ATAustria8,080,0003, PLPoland38,516,00013, USUnited States300,038,000102, SGSingapore4,372,0001, CZCzech Republic10,216,0002, HKHong Kong7,182,0002, PSPalestine3,815,0001, EGEgypt74,878,00019, PRPuerto Rico3,915,0001, RORomania22,228,0005, CACanada31,972,0007, PHPhillipines75,653,00016, KRRep. of Korea48,182,00010, MOMacao444, MDMoldova4,295, TNTunisia9,459,0001, UAUkraine49,568,0007, country/territoryinhab.arch.ratio ANNeth. Antilles224, MYMalaysia25,325,0003, VNVietnam78,137,0008, MUMauritius1,244, ZASouth Africa45,323,0004, RURussia141,553,00011, TTTrinidad & Tobago1,311, HNHonduras7,257, NANamibia2,032, MAMorocco29,878,0001, IRIran70,675,0003, UZUzbekistan26,868,0001, NGNigeria130,236,0004, IDIndonesia212,092,0006, CNP.R. of China1,299,487,00036, LKSri Lanka18,924, INIndia1,008,937,00025, SDSudan35,040, CGCongo3,921, KEKenia30,669, BJBenin7,103, MLMali13,829, CDD.R. of Congo56,079, ZWZimbabwe12,627, BDBangladesh152,593,0001, TZTanzania35,119, SLSierra Leone5,340, TDChad9,117, BYBelarus9,809,000 X MXMexico106,385,000 X

Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA – Practice UIA Accord - International Guidelines Professionalism Standards Education Scope of Practice Practice in a host nation Intellectual Property – Copyright Role of Professional Bodies Practical Experience – Training – Internship CPD Demonstration of Professional Knowledge Ethics and Conduct Accreditation – Validation – Recognition Registration – Licensing – Certification Form of Practice Computer Practice Building Delivery Systems Codes and Standards Use with National Governments Mutual Recognition Agreements Abu Dhabi

Values- Social IssuesCollective global assets Globalisation – Architectural Services The Future Access to education Access to health Access to the city World collective heritage Environment Cultural Diversity International Standards Education Professional Practice Lisbon Sochi

Extreme Mobility of has removed all barriers of protection Globalisation = ContextConclusion Globalisation – Architectural Services The Future People Goods Ideas and Concepts When wealth and world assets are shared Forced or natural Depending on our desire of solidarity Changing Role of the Architect - Solidarity Globalisation/Crisis = Danger + Opportunity 危 机危 机 Wealth 2015

Merci Globalisation – Architectural Services Istanbul, 22 February 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President