LOGO Chapter One Geography, People and Language

Contents Geography I People II The English Language III

I Geography  1. Geographical Feature 1. Geographical Feature  2. Climate 2. Climate  3. Major Cities 3. Major Cities

Map of the UK Read the map to find:  Atlantic Ocean  North Sea  Irish Sea  The English Channel (The Channel Tunnel )  The Republic of Ireland

Geography The official title of the UK the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The UK is made up of:  Great Britain (the formerly separate England and Scotland, and Wales. )EnglandScotland Wales  Northern Ireland  Numerous smaller islands Title and Make up of the UK

Location and territory Location of the UK: The mainland areas lie between  latitudes 49°N and 61°N and  longitudes 8°W to 2°E Total territory: 242,910 square kilometers Interesting Fact: Interesting Fact: No one in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea.No one in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea.

Topography Northern Ireland: It’s mostly hilly. Wales : It’s mostly mountainous. South Wales is less mountainous than North and Mid Wales. Scotland : Its geography is varied, with lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west. England: it consists of lowland terrain, with some mountainous terrain in the north-west, north and south-west. Ben Nevis in Scotland — the highest point in UK

Rivers and Lakes  The longest river: Severn River (354 kilometers long)  The second longest river: Thames (332 kilometers long)  The largest Lake: Lough Neagh Thames

Lake District

Lake poets "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" ---William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

Lake poets The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed---and gazed---but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.

2. Climate Main characteristics: Temperate, with warm summers, cold winters and plenty rainfall Three major features:  Winter fog  Rainy days  Instability/changeability

3. Major Cities — London The River Thames  the capital of England and of Great Britain  the political center of the Commonwealth  a major port  one of the world's leading banking and financial centers.

Landmarks & Symbols of London The palace of Westminster

Landmarks & Symbols of London Westminster Abbey Big Ben

Landmarks & Symbols of London St. Paul's Cathedral

Landmarks & Symbols of London Hyde Park Tower of London

Landmarks & Symbols of London Tower Bridge Buckingham Palace

Landmarks & Symbols of London London Eye

Major Cities—Edinburgh  Capital of Scotland  administrative, financial, legal, medical and insurance center of Scotland  beautiful scenery  renowned architecture

Landmarks & Symbols of Edinburgh Edinburgh Castle Palace of Holyrood

Major Cities—Cardiff  Europe's youngest capital city  has been the capital city of Wales for around 50 years  home to an enormous amount of urban regeneration and restoration  has recently become one of the most fashionable cities in the United Kingdom.

Landmarks & Symbols of Cardiff Cardiff City Hall

Landmarks & Symbols of Cardiff Millennium Stadium Cardiff Castle

Major Cities—Belfast City Hall  the second largest city  capital of Northern Ireland  an important historic city

Landmarks & Symbols of Belfast Belfast Castle

II People Overall population : over 60 millions Distribution:  England: about 50 million  Scotland:over 5 million  Wales: around 3 million  Northern Ireland: about 1.7million

Ethnicity  The majority of this population are descendents of the Anglo-Saxons  Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celtic people  The Irish people were also Celtic in origin  immigrants

Percentage of total UK Population Ethinc Groups of total  White British 85.7%  White Irish 1.2%  White (other) 5.3%  Mixed race 1.2%  Indian 1.8%  Pakistani 1.3%  Bengali 0.5%  Other Asian (non-Chinese) 0.4%  Black Caribbean 1.0%  Black African 0.8%  Black (others) 0.2%  Chinese 0.4%  Other 0.4%

III The English Language  1. Old English 1. Old English  2. Middle English 2. Middle English  3. Modern English 3. Modern English  4. Standard English 4. Standard English

1. Old English (5 th ~ 11 th ) Language of Angle-Saxons Influenced by  Old Norse  Latin and Greek words  Danish words

Beowulf The most famous work from the Old English period is the epic poem ”Beowulf” ( approximately AD 900) Hwæt! We Gar-Dena in geardagum, þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum

2. Middle English (11th ~ 15th ) Status French replaced English as the official language, and English became the Language of lower class  big — pork  sheep — mutton  cattle — beef Development English increased in importance after the Black Death

The Canterbury Tales written by Geofery Chaucer, 14 the century Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote And bathed every veyne in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flour; Geoffrey Chaucer

3. Modern English (15th~ )  The printing press—brought standardization of English  Samuel Johnson’s dictionary—established a standard form of spelling  Renaissance—assimilated foreign words throughout the Renaissance  The Industrial Revolution—necessitated the introduction of new words for new things and ideas  The rise of the British Empire or the Commonwealth of Nations—led to the assimilation of words from many other languages

Othello by William Shakespeare 1603 La: Tho in the trade of warre, I haue flaine men, Yet doe I hold it very ftuft of Confcience. To doe no contriu’d murrher; I lacke iniquity Sometimes to doe feruice: nine or ten times, I had thought to haue ierk’d him here, Vnder the ribbes. Oth.: Tis better as it is. Which can be translated as: La: Though in the trade of war I have slain man, Yet do I hold it very stuff o’ the conscience. To do no contrived murder: I lack iniquity Sometimes to do me service: nine or tem times I had thought to have yerk’d him here under the ribs. Othello: ‘Tis better as it is. Shakespeare

4. Standard English  based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England  adopted as a broadcasting standard in the British media  also called as Queen’s English or BBC English  based on the London dialect  becoming a universal Lingua Franca—the world language

LOGO