Chapter 4

 Inside the Earth  Crust  Mantle  Core  Lithosphere  Asthenosphere  Mesosphere  Tectonic Plate

 The Crust  5-100km thick  Thinnest layer  Two types  Continental  Oceanic  Made of…

 The Mantle  Thicker  Most of the mass  Crust too thick  Observations  Ocean floor  Made of…

 The Core  Mantle to the core  Made of…  Not made of..  1/3 of the Earth’s mass

 Five layers  Inner Core  Solid, dense  Outer Core  Liquid layer  Mesosphere  Strong  Asthenosphere  Plastic layer  Lithosphere  Tectonic plates

 Names of the plates  Fit together  Difference  Ocean  Continent  Plates include…  Like ice cubes

 Never drilled through the crust  Seismic waves  Seismographs

 Restless Continents  Continental Drift  Sea-floor Spreading

 Alfred Wegener  Continental Drift  Fit together  Similar types of rocks and climatic conditions

 Observations  Single, huge continent (supercontinent)  245 million years ago  Laurasia and Gondwana (180 million years ago)

 The Theory of Plate Tectonics  Plate tectonics  Convergent Boundary  Divergent Boundary  Transform Boundary

 Plates Touch  Three Types  Convergent Boundary  Divergent Boundary  Transform Boundary  How they move  earthquakes

 Collide  Kind of crust  Three Types

 Separate  New Sea Floor  Mid-Ocean Ridges

 Slide Past Each other horizontally  San Andreas Fault

 Plate Tectonic Theory  Solid Rock Flows  Changes in Density  Thermal Energy  Three possible causes

 Ridge Push  Convection  Slab Pull

 Type and Shape of the plate  Interacts with Plates  So Slow and Gradual  GPS  Radio Signals

 Deforming the Earth’s Crust Vocabulary  Compression  Tension  Folding  Fault  Uplift  Subsidence

 Spaghetti  Bending  Breaking  Rock Layers  Stress

 Compression  Squeezed or Collided  Convergent  Mountain Ranges  Tension  Stretch  Divergent  Mid-Ocean Ridge

 Bending of Rock Layers  Horizontal layers  Types of Folds  Anticlines  Synclines  Monocline  Different sizes

 Stress is applied  Fault Blocks  Hanging wall and footwall  Two Types  Normal fault  Reverse fault

 Normal fault  Tension Pull Rocks Apart  Reverse Faults  Compression that pushes rocks together

 Look at the order of sedimentary rock layers  Compare the two dark layers

 Third Type of Fault  Opposing forces cause rock to break and move horizontally  Move left or right  San Andreas Fault

 Plates Collide  Land features start as…  Can become …  Mountains exist  Andes Mountains  Compression or tension

 Folded Mountains  Highest  Convergent (collide)  Appalachian Mtns.  Fault-Block Mountains  Tension  Drop Down  Tilted up  Volcanic Mountains  Major (Convergent)  Sinks  Islands  Ring of Fire

 Vertical Movements  Uplift Higher elevations May or May Not Be Deformed  Subsidence Sinking No Deformation

 Uplifting of Depressed Rock  Formation of Mtns.  Without Deformation Rebound Weight removed  Subsidence of Cooler Rock  Hot More Space  Less Volume (Subsides)  Tectonic Letdown  Stretched rift zones  Stress