Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Section 2: Science in Context CCS Biology Mr. Bogusch

Exploration and Discovery: Where Ideas Come From Scientific Attitude Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and creativity help scientists generate new ideas Practical Problems usually inspire scientific investigations Role of Technology New technology enable scientist to ask new questions, produce new substances, and have new capabilities

Communicating Results: Reviewing and Sharing Ideas Why is peer review important? Scientist share their findings with the scientific community by publishing articles that have undergone peer review Experts review scientific papers in their field and evaluate each others work Sharing knowledge and New Ideas Scientists publish their work in a dynamic marketplace, available to everyone.

Scientific Theories What is a Scientific Theory? Theory (scientific) – a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypothesizes and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new about new situations Ex. Theory of Evolution, Gravity, Germ theory Everyday us of the word theory = hunch, guess Scientific use of the word theory = accepted as true and parts of the theory will be modified with new information. PBS Theory

Science and Society What is the relationship between science and society? Science, Ethics, and Morality Science explain why natural phenomena happen and do not include ethical or moral viewpoints Avoiding Bias Bias – a particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific. Science aims to be objective Understanding and Using Science The main point of science is to understand, not memorize or “believe.”

Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Section 3: Studying Life

Characteristics of Living Things Biology- the study of life Living things are made up of basic units called cells, are based on a universal genetic code, obtain and use materials and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time

Characteristics of Living Things 1. Living things are based on a universal genetic code All organisms store vital information in the form of DNA. DNA is copied and passed from parent to offspring 2. Living things Grow and Develop Every organism has a particular pattern of growth and development

Characteristics of Living Things 3. Living things respond to their environment Organisms detect and respond to stimuli from their environment Stimuli – signal to which an organism responds 4. Living things are made of cells Cells- highly organized structures; smallest units of life that are considered alive

Characteristics of Living Things 5. Living things reproduce Sexual reproduction – cell from two parents unite to form the first new cell of an organism Asexual reproduction – a single organism produces offspring identical to itself 6. Living things maintain a stable internal environment homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environment despite external conditions

Characteristics of Living Things 7. Living things obtain and use material and energy Metabolism – the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down

Characteristics of Living Things 8. Living things evolve (as a population) Over many generations groups of organism change over time Evolutionary change links all forms of life to a common ancestor 3.5 billion years ago Evidence of this shared history is found in all aspects of living a fossil organism

Big Ideas in Biology What are the Central Themes of Biology Cellular Basis of Life Unicellular – organisms that consist of one cell Multicellular – organisms that consist of more than one cell

Big Ideas in Biology What are the Central Themes of Biology Information and Heredity All living things are based on a universal genetic code- DNA The information in DNA represents an unbroken chain that stretches back 3.5 billion years

Big Ideas in Biology What are the Central Themes of Biology Matter and Energy Life requires matter that serves as body structures and energy that fuels life’s processes Growth, development, and reproduction Homeostasis Living things maintain a relative stable internal environment

Big Ideas in Biology What are the Central Themes of Biology Evolution Taken as a group, living things evolve All living things are linked back to a common ancestor 3.5 billion years ago Crocodile evolution

Big Ideas in Biology What are the Central Themes of Biology Structure and Function Each major group of organism has its own “tool kit” of structures that have evolved

Big Ideas in Biology What are the Central Themes of Biology Unity and Diversity of Life All living things are fundamentally similar at a molecular level. All organisms are carbon-based and store information in a common genetic code. Interdependence in Nature Biosphere – living planet Organisms are linked to one another and the planet

Big Ideas in Biology What are the Central Themes of Biology Science as a Way of Knowing Science is not just a list of facts

Performing Biological Investigations How is the metric system important in science? Because researchers need to replicate each other’s experiment a common system of measurement is used Metric system – a decimal system of measurements whose units are based physical standards and are scaled to multiples of 10. Also called the SI system –International system of units.

Safety Scientists working in a laboratory or in the field are trained to use safe procedures when carrying out investigations. Whenever you work in your biology laboratory, you must follow safe practices as well. Before you start each activity, read all the steps and make sure that you understand the entire procedure, including any safety precautions. The single most important safety rule is to always follow your teacher’s instructions. Any time you are in doubt about any part of an activity, ask your teacher for an explanation.

Safety Because you may come in contact with organisms you cannot see, it is essential that you wash your hands thoroughly after every scientific activity. Wearing appropriate protective gear is also important while working in a laboratory. Remember that you are responsible for your own safety and that of your teacher and classmates. If you are handling live animals, you are responsible for their safety too.