Green Algae and Land Plants

Bacteria Archaea Lobose amoebae Cellular slime molds Plasmodial slime molds Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Parabasilids Diplomonads Euglenids Kinetoplastids Glaucophyte algae Red algae Green algae Land plants Green plants Foraminifera Chlorarachniophytes Ciliates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexa Oomycetes Diatoms Brown algae STRAMENOPILA ALVEOLATA RHIZARIA PLANTAE EXCAVATA BIKONTA CHROMALVEOLATA UNIKONTA OPISTHOKONTA AMOEBOZOA All eukaryotes are protists except for the fungi, animals, and land plants EUKARYOTES 7 lineages of eukaryotes

Chlamydomonas

Volvox

Volvox reproduction

Ulva

Vascular tissue Red algae ANGIOSPERMS GYMNOSPERMS SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS NON-VASCULAR PLANTS GREEN ALGAE Ulvophytes Coleochaetes Stoneworts Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Whisk ferns Horsetails Ferns Early vascular plants (fossils only) Ginkgo Cycads Redwoods et al. Pines et al. Gnetophytes Angiosperms Roots, tracheids True leaves Wood Vessel elements Stomata Cuticle, pores Spores or zygotes encased in tough coat of sporopollenin Most key innovations for living on land evolved only once LAND PLANTS Vessel elements evolved more than once Vascular tissue

Hepaticophyta

(a) Simple water- conducting cells (b) First vascular tissue (c) Tracheids (d) Vessel elements Primary wall (with cellulose) Primary wall (with cellulose) Primary wall (with cellulose) Ends have pits in secondary cell wall (inside) Primary wall (with cellulose) Secondary wall (with lignin) Secondary wall (with lignin) Lignin Little structural support. Found in fossils and present-day mosses Some structural support. Found in fossils Increased structural support. Found in all vascular plants Found in gnetophytes and angiosperms Ends have gaps through primary and secondary cell walls

Lycophyta

Equisetophyta

Pteridophyta

gymnosperms

Mature sporophyte (2n) Developing sporophyte Seed (disperses via wind or animals) Embryo (2n) Pollen produces sperm Eggs (n) Archegonia Female gametophyte (n) Ovules (contain megasporangia) Mother cell (2n) Megasporangium Pollen grain Pollen grain (male gametophyte) M E I O S S I M I T O S S I F E R T I L I Z A T I O N Microspore (n) forms pollen grain Cones with microsporangia Ovulate cone P O L I L N A T I O N M I T O S S I M E I O S S I

Zygote (2n) M I T O S S I M E I O S S I Seed (disperses via wind or animals) Developing sporophyte Mature sporophyte flower (2n) Bottom of carpel Megasporangium Nutritive tissue (3n) Embryo (2n) Endosperm (3n) forms nutritive tissue in seed Megaspore (n: retained in ovary) Ovary M I T O S S I D O U B L E F E R T I L I Z A T I O N Egg Female gametophyte (n: retained in ovary) Pollen grain (male gametophyte) Microspore (n) forms pollen grain S S I O TI M M S S I O I E Ovule Top of stamen Anther P O L L I N A T I O N