The determinants of health and individual human development of Australian’s children Chapter 7

Parenting practices 7.13 Parenting practices refer to the way in which parents or guardians interact with their child and the way in which they model behaviour. It also incorporates discipline. Parenting also has a enormous impact on the social development of children, especially in areas such as respect, communication, empathy, learning values and behaviours. Parents/ guardians tend to adopt a particular parenting style, this can have an impact of the health and individual human development of the child. There are three main parenting styles which are; Authoritarian parenting style(tend to use direct parenting styles with an over emphasize on discipline and little opportunity for decision making by the child ), Authoritative parenting style (provides fair discipline while also catering for the self esteem needs of the child) and, Permissive parenting style (over emphasize the self-esteem needs of the child and fail to discipline the child when required).

Family and work-life balance 7.14 Family and work-life balance refers to the ability of individual to manage their working life without taking away from the time their family life. It is important that parents maintain work-life balance in order to meet the needs of their children. Some work situations such as long hours, shift work, and stress caused by work make it difficult for parents to give their children the attention they need. Working long hours limit the time available for tasks such as preparing nutritious meals. Often these parents will resort to frozen meals or take away Please read pages answer questions 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 Apply your knowledge question 8

Parenting and abuse 7.14 In some cases children may live in situations where their parent/guardian use abuse as part of their parenting practices. Children who are subjected to regular abuse are at a greater risk of emotional and behavioural problems. There are four categories of abuse; physical, verbal, sexual and neglect. The effects on children exposed to abuse can be short and long term. Short and long term effects vary. Please read pages answer questions 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 Apply your knowledge question 8

Media access and social support 7.15 The social environment of the child also includes factors that is outside of the family. Relationships with friends and community members, access to community resources and engagement with the community are all important to a child’s health and individual human development. The media access to social support, neighbourhood safety, access to services including health care, childcare, preschools and schools are examples of factors within the community that have an impact on children. The media television, print, radio, videos/DVDs and the internet, are part of children's daily lives. As a result they are exposed to messages and information that may impact positively or negatively on there health and individual human development. Access to social support refers to a range of social network factors such as the frequent contact with family and friends, ability to find help during a time of need, and the quality of relationships. Please read from pages and complete Test you knowledge questions 1-4

Impact of food advertising and access to social report 7.15 Advertisements for certain products such as breakfast cereal, soft drink and, fast food are often targeted at children. Many of these foods are high in saturated fats, sugar and salt, and can contribute to the development of overweight and obesity. Social report refers to a range of social networks such as the frequency of contact with family and friends. Effective social support has a positive impact on the health and individual human development of children. Family cohesion refers to the emotional bonds and closeness that exist between the family members.

Neighbourhood safety 7.16 Neighbourhood safety is the actual safety measures that are put in place to protect citizens and also how safe people feel living in their community. Safe communities help to protect children against potential harms. Families who perceive their neighbourhoods as being unsafe are less likely to actively engage in their community and may not access local services and recreational facilities.

Organisation that promote neighbourhood safety A number of organisations are responsible for the safety of people within the community including the Victoria Police, Safety House Association of Victoria and neighbourhood Watch and VicRoads One imitative supported the Victorian Police is the ‘walking to bus’. This imitative involves a group of primary students walking to and from school on a designated route, with a minimum of 2 parents to supervise and walk with the children. Victorian Police also promote the Safety House Program. A safety house is a designated house that is signposted so that children know that they can use it if they feel unsafe or need urgent assistance while out in their neighbourhood. Neighbourhood safety also includes safety on the roads. To assist with road safety of children. VicRoads have developed a range of programs and resources aimed at parents and carers as well as children. Read pages and answer theTest your knowledge page 241 questions 1-7

Access to health care 7.17 Access to health care during prenatal and childhood stages of the lifespan is vital for the health and individual human development of children. Access to general practitioners, obstetricians and gynaecologist is important during the prenatal stage of development. Many conditions that occur in the mother can also have an impact on the health and individual human development of the unborn child.

Neonatal intensive care units 7.17 Access to health services is an important consideration in the birth of a child, in order to have medical professionals readily available in case of complications and to insure the baby is carefully monitored and cared for. Newborn babies that require specialist care are placed in a neonatal intensive care unit, which specialises in the care of ill or premature babies. Complications that may affect a premature baby include: Lung disease, feeding difficulties, temperature control difficulties, aonean (breathing stops for short periods), bradycardia (slowing of heart rate), jaundice (yellowing of skin due to liver issues) and, bilirubin (compound that builds up in the blood stream if not processed by the liver).

Maternal and child health services 7.17 Once a child is born the mother and child are referred to a maternal and child health care service. A nurse employed by the maternal and child health care service offer support, information and opportunities to discuss concerns related to health and individual human development of children. Maternal and child health centres are located in the community and offer a range of services which include; Prevision of information, appointments at pacific developmental stages, home visits, parent groups, general support.

Primary school Nursing program 7.17 In order to promote the health and individual human development of children, the Victorian Government Department of Human Services offer a free universal health- care service to all Victorian Primary and English Language Centre schools through the Primary School Nursing program. Access to child-care, preschools and schools 7.17 Child-care, preschools and schools are important to families because they provide developmentally appropriate programs for the child that promotes health and assist with physical, social, emotional and intellectual development. Please read from page and answer the Test your knowledge and Apply your knowledge 6-9