Chapter 1: Basic Concepts The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

What is the purpose of Maps? Examples of Maps Brainstorm Examples

Where the Hell is Matt? Pinpoint Indicate As you view the video Where Matt is on your map. Take a guess if you are uncertain.

Africa is a continent = 54 countries Maps show relationships amongst countries, regions, area, population and culture

How do we analyze a Map Open your notebooks Origins of Maps Themes Map Activity Writing Activity

What are the five themes? Tools geographer’s use to study features on earth. Location Absolute and Relative Place Movement Region Human Environment Interaction

What are the five themes? Tools geographer’s use to study features on earth. Location Absolute and Relative Place Movement Region Human Environment Interaction

Defining Geography Word coined by Eratosthenes Geo = Earth Graphia = writing Geography thus means “earth writing”

Oldest Known Maps 7th Century BC World Map 6th Century BC Ancient City of Babylon Center : cities shown as Circles Seven Islands form a star shape Catalhoyuk=Turkey FIGURE 1-2

Why are we Changing Maps Film Clip Map projections Why? Differences

Theme 1: Location Two Types of Location Where is It? Absolute Relative Where is It? Why is It There?

Absolute Location A specific place on the Earth’s surface Uses a grid system Latitude and longitude A global address

New York’s coordinates 40°07' N, 74° W Absolute Location New York’s coordinates 40°07' N, 74° W

LOCATION Where are we? Relative Location Absolute Location Described by landmarks, time, direction or distance. From one place to another. Go 1 mile west on main street and turn left for 1 block. Absolute Location A latitude and longitude (global location) or a street address (local location). Paris France is 48o North Latitude and 2o East Longitude. The White House is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. You are Here

Relative Location Where a place is in relation to another place Uses directional words to describe Cardinal and intermediate directions

New York’s relative location New York is bordered by Pennsylvania and New Jersey to the south, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east The Atlantic Ocean forms New York’s east coast.

Map Activity Getting to know our Activity Maps Map keys, regions, cardinal directions, climate, geographical features, absolute location and relative locations. FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS STEP BY STEP You can write on the large activity map With your partner 1 person can read the directions and the other person can write on the map WORK TOGETHER COMPLETE 2 A, 2 B, and 2 C 2 D place your name on 2 D answer questions 1 and 2 Circle an area on the map that you would like to live, write a paragraph of why you would like to live in that area discuss, climate, topography, culture, resources , use the Atlas for reference Map Clean up

See website for upcoming assignments 9/29 History of the world in 6 classes Vocabulary due see website International time zone due 9/29 worksheet NO Journal Entries due 9/29 Take home due 10/2 will be remitted this week*** Some grading has been completed Please include cite/quote sources in your writing assignments / citation list If there is an error in Jupiter Grades leave me your GRADED work and I will review.

Complete your Regions Info Take out your notebooks: As each person presents 2-3 minutes Bullet point the country area it is within the world formal, functional and vernacular of the region This will add to your knowledge of place.

Video Maps and Globes Different Projections, Lines of Longitude and Latitude Time Zones

Maps and Globes Types of projections Azimuthal Projection: Polar accurate Mercator Map: used for navigation Conical Projection : Cone base little distortion, areas in Middle Latitude

Place A place is defined by it’s unique characteristics. Physical characteristics Cultural characteristics

Physical Maps Physical maps show what the surface of the Earth looks like. A physical map highlights Earth’s natural features, such as mountains and forests.

Political Maps

Contemporary Geography Geographers ask where and why Location and distribution are important terms Geographers are concerned with the tension between globalization and local diversity A division: physical geography and human geography

Your Activity Ten Maps You are assigned a number Go to each map There are ten maps around the room Go to each map and For EACH number ( there are 7 questions for each map Bullet point the answer for each map indicated by each map number Your analysis : which two maps accurately depict space, region, projections explain

Theme’s Different themes Example revolution Neolithic Revolution

Geography’s Themes Five Themes of Geography

Geography’s Vocabulary Place a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic A place is a point. Examples

Movement Movement

Movement

What are the five themes? Tools geographer’s use to study features on earth. Location Absolute and Relative Place Movement Region Human Environment Interaction

What is it like there, what kind of place is it? Human Characteristics What are the main languages, customs, and beliefs. How many people live, work, and visit a place. Physical Characteristics Landforms (mountains, rivers, etc.), climate, vegetation, wildlife, soil, etc.

REGION Examples of Region Region Is an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features Region

Region The world is divided into different regions based upon similarities & differences. Climate Location Beliefs Languages Ethnicity/Race Types: Formal Functional Perceptual

Formal Region Most common/familiar. Determined by the distribution of a uniform characteristic (physical or cultural) Location Climate Religion Examples Central America (Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama) Latin America (spanish-speaking nations) Tropics (countries located near equator)

Perceptual/ Vernacular Region Groups of areas that provoke a certain stereotype or feeling. Examples: The Bronx The “ghetto” China town

REGIONS How are Regions similar to and different from other places? Formal Regions Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries (States, Countries, Cities) Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky Mountain region, Chinatown). Functional Regions Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phone coverage area). Vernacular Regions Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the south, etc.)

Human Interaction/Connections Connection are relationships among people and objects across barrier of space. Geographers are concerned with the various means by which connections occur

HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION How do humans and the environment affect each other? We depend on it. People depend on the Tennessee River for water and transportation. We modify it. People modify our environment by heating and cooling buildings for comfort. We adapt to it. We adapt to the environment by wearing clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and winter (coats), rain and shine. Sample terms: Migration, diffusion, globalization

Predict and Research Activity You and your partner have a country within an area of the world Make a key/Color Code for your map YOU MAY USE THE ATLAS TO LOCATE THE AREA TO COLOR CODE THE CLIMATE, TOPOGRAPHY, FEATURES, YOUR KEY/LEGEND INDICATES YOUR COLOR CODING /SYMBOLS FOR FEATURES COMPLETE YOUR MAP CODING TODAY PART 1 THEN ON THE WORKSHEET PREDICT the 5 themes to the area PART 2 Wednesday Complete your prediction and begin Research your area using the internet Fill in your info chart Thursday : After 30 minute Quiz Make a T chart of your prediction , research , begin power point Writing Activity How did the 5 themes help you predict and conduct research of your country? Work on power point , How accurate were you, What did you learn ? Monday Present your country to the class/ Power point 3-5 minutes , Pictures depicting the 5 themes . W Five Themes of Geography Location /Absolute and Relative Place Movement Region Human Interaction Timing is tentative !!

Complete Regions Take out your notebooks As each person share their region Bullet point Area Formal Functional Vernacular

Reminders History of the World in 6 glasses Vocabulary due: Type or write it on paper and when your vocabulary book is returned staple it, into your book One worksheet Time Zones : Questions on line and new copies made Due 9/29 Take home exam due 10/2 There are worksheets on the side board with NO name please verify if it is yours place your name on it and return to me

How can we Analyze Maps Different types of maps Scale Space Location Culture Ecosystem

Maps: Scale Types of map scale Ratio or fraction Written Graphic Projection transfer locations of Earth surface to a flat map Distortion Shape Distance Relative size Direction

Why do we need to understand SCALE? Scale relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole. Why do we need to understand SCALE? Remember that a map is a visual representation of a much larger area of land. Because the Earth is round and maps are flat, it is impossible to create a map with a perfect scale. Some parts of the map will be too large, while others will be too small. The larger a territory represented by a map, the greater that the distortions in scale will be.

Space Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects Space Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects. Geographers observe that many objects are distributed across space in a a regular manner. Examples of Space

Maps Two purposes As reference tools As communications tools To find locations, to find one’s way As communications tools To show the distribution of human and physical features

U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785 Township and range system Township = 6 sq. miles on each side North–south lines = principal meridians East–west lines = base lines Range Sections

Township and Range System Figure 1-5

Place: Unique Location of a Feature Place names Toponym Site Situation Mathematical location

Place: Mathematical Location Location of any place can be described precisely by meridians and parallels Meridians (lines of longitude) Prime meridian Parallels (lines of latitude) The equator International Time Zones

Map Activity You have been assigned a number on your worksheet I will indicate where you are to begin `1) Go to the map I direct you to 2) Each Map is numbered 3) Your worksheet indicates the MAP number 4) Answer Q1-7 based on that map Bullet point your ideas 5) Do not move to the next map until the music stops. 6) As you pass the desk take a candy Return worksheet to me we will continue on Monday Enjoy your weekend

Atlas Work Choose any WORLD MAP from the Atlas pg 6-16 Complete your map with a Legend and topic ( Ex population Show exact location ( Lines of latitude, longitude) Equator, Tropic of cancer, tropic of Capricorn ) Region you can draw resources, population, transportation, religion etc Writing Activity Look through your ATLAS Choose ONE REGION How do human’s interact within that area ( example choose one religion, food, clothes, buildings, jobs, population, death, birth, agriculture, music, animals ) paragraph

Figure 1-4

Contemporary Tools Geographic Information Science (GIScience) Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Remote sensing Geographic information systems (GIS) Figure 1-7

A Mash-up Figure 1-8

The Cultural Landscape A unique combination of social relationships and physical processes Each region = a distinctive landscape People = the most important agents of change to Earth’s surface

Types of Regions Formal (uniform) regions Functional (nodal) regions Example: Montana Functional (nodal) regions Example: the circulation area of a newspaper Vernacular (cultural) regions Example: the American South

Culture Origin from the Latin cultus, meaning “to care for” Two aspects: What people care about Beliefs, values, and customs What people take care of Earning a living; obtaining food, clothing, and shelter

Cultural Ecology The geographic study of human–environment relationships Two perspectives: Environmental determinism Possibilism Modern geographers generally reject environmental determinism in favor of possibilism

Physical Processes Climate Vegetation Soil Landforms These four processes are important for understanding human activities

Modifying the Environment Examples The Netherlands Polders The Florida Everglades Figure 1-21

Scale Globalization Economic globalization Cultural globalization Transnational corporations Cultural globalization A global culture?

Space: Distribution of Features Distribution—three features Density Arithmetic Physiological Agricultural Concentration Pattern

Space–Time Compression Figure 1-29

Spatial Interaction Transportation networks Electronic communications and the “death” of geography? Distance decay Figure 1-30

Diffusion The process by which a characteristic spreads across space and over time Hearth = source area for innovations Two types of diffusion Relocation Expansion Three types: hierarchical, contagious, stimulus

Relocation Diffusion: Example Figure 1-31

The End. Up next: Population